Teacher Certification - eTALE Africa

Background
This Teacher Certification module was developed to give You feedback, how well You master the research-based content of Literacy learning, Literacy teaching and Reading difficulties. If you successfully complete the module, you will receive a Certificate of Completion that enhances Your professional development.
How to start?
Before you start to study eTALE Africa learning content, we highly recommend You do first a “pretest” by answering 40 random multiple-choice questions. Note that there is only one correct answer for each question (a, b, c or d). You will have one hour to complete the pretest. After answering to all 40 questions, you will receive immediate feedback how well You did.
How to do the test?
If You already are an expert in the content and receive at least 70% (28 out of 40 questions correct) in the pretest, you will automatically receive the Certificate to your email. You can save and print it as a demonstration of your knowledge in literacy learning and teaching and reading difficulties.
What if I do not get 70% in pretest?
If You don’t get 70% in the pretest, do not worry. The “pretest” is the starting point of eTALE Africa eLearning environment! When You have gone through and studied the content, you can do the “post-test” or “final examination”. You can do the test as many times as you like. But note the questions will not be the same or in same order.
When You have answered correctly least to 28 questions (that is 70% and above), the Certificate is send to Your email.
Parts of the eTALE Africa content may seem challenging and the test might not be an easy task! But remember, You can always read a little bit more and do the test again.
Ready? Let´s go!
If you want to do the pretest now, please continue below.

            
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                    Certification test
                    
                    Teacher certification test
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                        
                    
                    
                    
                
            

                    
                    User data for teacher certification test

                        NameEmailCountryOther country (fill in here)How many times have you tried this test?
                        
                            
                            
                        
                    
                  

                        
                        
                        1 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                1. The best literacy teaching method for beginning reading is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Phonics decoding (letter-sound correspondence).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Integrated language arts (reading, writing, and correct spelling).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Look-and-say (whole word vocabulary identification).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. A whole language approach (with a focus on reading for meaning).
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        2 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                2. Critical factor for reading mastery is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Reading motivation.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Practice time.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Phonological skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        3 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                3. The external factor that can be harmful to children’s learning to read is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Inappropriate teaching methods.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Expository texts that are too easy.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Lessons that are age appropriate.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Using children's mother tongue in teaching.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        4 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                4. What would be a good starting point for teaching letter sounds? 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teach short vowels before long vowels.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Teach letter names and the sounds they make in words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Lower- and uppercase letter teaching depends on the counontry’s preferences.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. First teach letter sounds that occur frequently in simple words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        5 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                5.  Why is letter knowledge important for literacy development?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Upper- and lowercase letters may confuse learners and hamper reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. It is necessary to make sense of words through the recognition of letters and the sounds they make.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. It helps to make decoding easier when children sound out the alphabet.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. It is a strong predictor of reading comprehension.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        6 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                6. The method of promoting the development of phonemic awareness in young children is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teaching sounds with corresponding letter names.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Counting how many words make up a specific sentence.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teaching rhyming words and syllables.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teaching short vowel phonics.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        7 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                7.  Which of these does NOT make a child a good reader?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The ability to use letters and blend them into syllables and words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The ability to handle books and turn pages efficiently.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The ability to retrieve needed knowledge and information quickly.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Practising reading every day.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        8 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                8. Which of these is an important learning skill?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Repetition- or rehearsal-based study skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Cognitive and metacognitive study skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Procedural or organisational study skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        9 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                9. Which of these is NOT part of the executive functions of the brain?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Auditive perception.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Cognitive or mental flexibility.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Inhibitory control.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Working memory.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        10 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                10. Which one of these is NOT a good strategy to reduce working memory load when a child has problems with working memory?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Use pictures or comics, which may help children remember multistep instructions.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Try to combine new material with familiar material so that it is easy for children to remember.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Try to use short, simple sentences.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Speak fast so that the child remembers.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        11 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                11. Many countries around the world are promoting multilingualism, even in places where multilingualism is absent from official educational policy, because multilingualism has been shown to have several advantages. These advantages do NOT include:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Increased career opportunities.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Increased intelligence.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Enhanced communication skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Increased linguistic recognition.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        12 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                12. Monolingualism:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Is synonymous with multilingualism.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Refers to the state of knowing or being able to use only one language in speech or written form. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Is synonymous with bilingualism.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Refers to the state of knowing or being able to use only one language, at any given time, in speech or written form.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        13 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                13. A good way to teach morphological awareness is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. To ask the children to repeat text read by the teacher.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. To teach how different parts of words can be separated.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. To ask the children to write dictated words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. To teach children to spell words correctly.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        14 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                14.  Which of the following is NOT true of text comprehension?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. It allows readers to enjoy what they are reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. It allows readers to gain an understanding of what’s being read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. It allows readers to use the information gained from the text.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. It distorts the writers’ message.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        15 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                15. Which of the following best describes the primary purpose and function of a classroom reading assessment?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. To prepare learners for state standardised testing on reading by equipping them with a variety of test-taking strategies.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. To provide instructional plans for reading by determining individual learners' ongoing reading needs.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. To evaluate the effectiveness of reading instruction by comparing the reading levels of specific groups of learners.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. To monitor learners' academic achievement in reading by measuring their mastery of the reading standards set by SACMEQ.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        16 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                16. Emotional support in teaching means that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher is sensitive to students’ needs.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher tells children how to feel.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher teaches emotional skills to the children.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher ignores crying children.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        17 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                17. Teacher-directed teaching is beneficial: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. For learning to play football.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. For learning social relations.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. For learning basic reading and mathematics.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. For having contact with the teacher.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        18 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                18. Choose the correct process for teaching productive writing:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Reviewing, drafting, planning, publishing, reviewing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Publishing, revising, reviewing, drafting, planning.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Planning, drafting, reviewing, revising, publishing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Drafting, planning, revising, reviewing, publishing.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        19 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                19. Which of the following statements about the importance of teaching productive writing is FALSE?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Writing builds distance between the writer and reader.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Learners learn how to use the components of language and improve their language skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Learners learn to correct their writing mistakes and perfect their writing skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. b.	Learners can improve their writing ability by expressing their thoughts to other people.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        20 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                20.  When can adult learners begin to learn to read phrases and sentences?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. After registering in a literacy program.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. After attending several reading classes.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. None of the options.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. After obtaining the skills to read words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        21 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                21. Who chooses the appropriate learning time for adult learners?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The learners together with their teachers.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The Ministry of Education.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teachers.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The learners themselves.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        22 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                22.  How can you manage adult learners during literacy learning sessions?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. By integrating emotion into lessons.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Through corporal punishment.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. By giving them difficult questions for discussion.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. By giving them many tasks to accomplish.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        23 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                23. Why does teaching adult learners require special skills?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Because they are slow learners.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Because they are special.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Because they are intelligent.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Because their age makes them behave in a different manner.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        24 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                24. When assessing reading in transparent languages: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Reading fluency is almost the same as reading accuracy.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Reading fluency is not connected to reading disabilities.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Reading fluency is not a relevant measure when assessing reading. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Reading fluency is very useful when defining reading disabilities.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        25 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                25. In phonics-based instruction, one of the repeated processes is NOT:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Blending phonemes into syllables.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Transforming letters into phonemes.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Combining words into sentences.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Combining syllables into words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        26 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                26. When supporting text composition:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Different writing strategies are useful.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Spelling exercises are not needed.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. It is recommended to start writing without any goal setting.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Making word lists is not an efficient way to proceed.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        27 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                27. Reading comprehension can be developed as follows:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Encourage children to tell the class about an incident that happened to them.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Let children identify high frequency words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Focus on the spelling of new vocabulary words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Show children the title of the book, read the title, and ask the children to say what they think will happen in the story.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        28 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                28.  Which of the following is NOT a good way to teach phonics?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Learners bring objects, say the beginning sound of each object, and identify the letter.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Show a letter and tell the learners what it is; learners repeat it ten times in chorus.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teach the letter names and then the sounds they make in words. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Tell a story that focuses on the phonic of the day, what it looks like, and how to write it.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        29 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                29. Which of the following is not beneficial for listening to stories?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Increased vocabulary range.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Playing any mobile games. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Acquisition of literacy skills, such as speaking.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Listening and concentration enhancement.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        30 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                30. ICT is integrated into reading instruction when:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher shows pictures of items learned about in different units, e.g., environmental education.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher uses her/his cell phone in class.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher takes photos of learners.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher records and plays back children’s reading efforts.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        31 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                31. A reading disorder is a developmental disorder that is characterised by reading achievement (i.e., accuracy, speed, and comprehension) being significantly below standards expected for which of the following:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Schooling experience.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Chronological age.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Level of cognitive skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        32 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                32. Based on research, which of these statements is INCORRECT. Intensity of reading instruction and intervention can be increased by:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Increasing the extent of the intervention (number of hours).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Providing explicit instruction. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Allowing the child to practice independently most of the time.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Decreasing group size (whole-class, small group, one-to-one).
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        33 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                33.  Based on research, which of these statements is INCORRECT concerning effective instruction for children with reading difficulties: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher provides clear modelling, demonstrations, and explanations.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher adapts instructions according to a child’s skill level. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher lets children learn to read independently.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teaching is guided with independent practice and constructive feedback.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        34 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                34. Screening instruments used in prevention programs for reading difficulties do NOT usually assess which of the following skills?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Rapid automatized naming.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Fine motor skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Phonological awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Letter knowledge.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        35 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                35. Effective interventions for students with learning difficulties typically: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Do not continually monitor progress and adjust instruction or change programmes.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Do not focus on academic skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Do not increase instructional time, intensity, or differentiation.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Do engage in reading instructional-level materials.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        36 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                36. Based on research, we know that the most effective intervention for reading difficulties is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Copying written words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Systematic phonics-based instruction.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teaching children to repeat words the teacher reads aloud.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teaching children to remember whole words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        37 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                37. Based on research, which of these statements is NOT true? 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Some poor readers have problems in learning the new words accurately.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Some poor readers struggle to read fluently.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Most poor readers have a combination of difficulties in different aspects of reading skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. All poor readers have similar kinds of difficulties in reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        38 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                38. In learning to read, it is most important that a child:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Remembers words as a whole.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Learns letter-sound correspondences. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Learns the letter names.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Learns to draw letter forms. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        39 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                39. Spoken language skills:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Form the foundation for learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Are not important in learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Are not necessary in learning to spell. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Have only a very limited effect on learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        40 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                40. Based on genetic studies of dyslexia, we know that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Reading disabilities do not run in families.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. There is no single gene for reading disabilities.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Because reading disabilities have a genetic background, it is not possible to influence children through teaching. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. There is one gene that affects brain development and leads to a reading disability.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

            
            
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