Teacher Certification - eTALE Africa

Background
This Teacher Certification module was developed to give You feedback, how well You master the research-based content of Literacy learning, Literacy teaching and Reading difficulties. If you successfully complete the module, you will receive a Certificate of Completion that enhances Your professional development.
How to start?
Before you start to study eTALE Africa learning content, we highly recommend You do first a “pretest” by answering 40 random multiple-choice questions. Note that there is only one correct answer for each question (a, b, c or d). You will have one hour to complete the pretest. After answering to all 40 questions, you will receive immediate feedback how well You did.
How to do the test?
If You already are an expert in the content and receive at least 70% (28 out of 40 questions correct) in the pretest, you will automatically receive the Certificate to your email. You can save and print it as a demonstration of your knowledge in literacy learning and teaching and reading difficulties.
What if I do not get 70% in pretest?
If You don’t get 70% in the pretest, do not worry. The “pretest” is the starting point of eTALE Africa eLearning environment! When You have gone through and studied the content, you can do the “post-test” or “final examination”. You can do the test as many times as you like. But note the questions will not be the same or in same order.
When You have answered correctly least to 28 questions (that is 70% and above), the Certificate is send to Your email.
Parts of the eTALE Africa content may seem challenging and the test might not be an easy task! But remember, You can always read a little bit more and do the test again.
Ready? Let´s go!
If you want to do the pretest now, please continue below.

            
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                    Certification test
                    
                    Teacher certification test
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                        
                    
                    
                    
                
            

                    
                    User data for teacher certification test

                        NameEmailCountryOther country (fill in here)How many times have you tried this test?
                        
                            
                            
                        
                    
                  

                        
                        
                        1 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                1. Critical factor for reading mastery is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Practice time.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Phonological skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Reading motivation.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        2 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                2. The external factor that can be harmful to children’s learning to read is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Expository texts that are too easy.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Lessons that are age appropriate.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Inappropriate teaching methods.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Using children's mother tongue in teaching.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        3 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                3. The method of promoting the development of phonemic awareness in young children is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teaching short vowel phonics.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Teaching sounds with corresponding letter names.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teaching rhyming words and syllables.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Counting how many words make up a specific sentence.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        4 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                4.  Examples of phoneme manipulation include:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Changing the order of the letters in a long word.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Having learners repeat the words a teacher is reading aloud.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Replacing some letters in a word with other letters and saying the new word.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Adding capital letters (uppercase) to a word.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        5 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                5. Which of these is NOT part of the executive functions of the brain?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Inhibitory control.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Working memory.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Cognitive or mental flexibility.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Auditive perception.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        6 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                6. Development of voluntary attention:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Is not important in daily life. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Is based on the novelty and power of stimuli.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Is based on the way an adult verbally guides a child.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Is not important in learning at school.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        7 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                7. Fine motor skills are NOT that important in:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Writing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Speaking.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Drawing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Hopping/jumping.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        8 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                8. Based on research, which of the following is NOT an important sub-skill of listening skills?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Comprehension monitoring.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Knowledge such as background knowledge or world knowledge.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Memory (working memory and long-term memory).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Fine motor skills.  
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        9 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                9. Which one is NOT true? Listening skills...

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. And academic success or knowledge are closely connected since listening is an important skill children use to process and acquire information.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Play a key role in literacy success and the development of numerous other language skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Are fundamental for the development of social and relational skills in the school context. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Are  very important skills in learning new motor skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        10 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                10. A delay in expressive vocabulary (late talking) at the age of 2–2.5 years predicts:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Reading fluency at school age.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Early vocabulary is not associated with reading comprehension.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Predicts nothing important because some children just learn to talk later than others.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Comprehension difficulties in reading at school age.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        11 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                11.  Which of the following is an example of a semiotic system?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Linguistic.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Visual.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Gestural.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        12 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                12. Which of the following is an example of a communication mode?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Visual.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Print.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Linguistic.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Gestural.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        13 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                13. Multiliteracy pedagogy stresses the need for language and literacy education to take into account:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Writing and reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Drama and play pedagogy.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Listening.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        14 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                14. Multiliteracy pedagogy acknowledges learners:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. As passive learners. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. As receivers of information. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. As learners who learn new information by reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. As active originators of meanings in the learning process. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        15 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                15. Multilingualism:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Refers to state of knowing or using more than one language in written or spoken form by an individual or a community.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Is synonymous with monolingualism.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Is synonymous with bilingualism.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Refers to state of knowing or using a mother language in written or spoken form by an individual or a community.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        16 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                16. Monolingualism:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Refers to the state of knowing or being able to use only one language in speech or written form. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Is synonymous with bilingualism.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Refers to the state of knowing or being able to use only one language, at any given time, in speech or written form.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Is synonymous with multilingualism.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        17 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                17. Metalinguistic awareness and development begins:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. In adolescence.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. In middle childhood.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. At birth.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. In adulthood.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        18 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                18. Which of these is NOT a metalinguistic skill?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Phonological awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Orthographic knowledge.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Reading fluency.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Morphological awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        19 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                19. Steps of teaching reading comprehension when the child masters the basic reading skills.

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Picture walk, during-reading, pre-reading, post-reading. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Picture walk, during-reading, pre-reading, post-reading. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Pre-reading, during-reading, post-reading. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. During-reading, vocabulary, pre-reading, post-reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        20 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                20. Which of the following is NOT a reading comprehension skill?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Decoding. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Reasoning. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Fluency. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Attitude. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        21 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                21. Which of the following activities would be most appropriate for introducing pre-primary learners (5-6 year old children) to the alphabetic principle?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Posting learners’ names on a wall and having learners whose names contain a certain letter come to the front of the room.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Reciting a list of learners’ names and having learners raise their hands when they hear a name that begins with a specific sound.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Writing a learner’s name on the board and having learners sound out the name by blending the letters.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Saying a learner’s name and having learners clap the number of syllables they hear in the name.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        22 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                22. A pre-primary school teacher orally presents learners with pairs of words (e.g., buy/tie, see/saw) and has learners identify whether the words rhyme or not. Next, she says a list of one-syllable words and asks learners to point to a part of the body that rhymes with each word (e.g., the teacher says bed, and the learners point to their heads). These activities promote learners’ reading development primarily by:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Promoting their development of phonological awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Expanding their understanding of the alphabetic principle.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Enriching their vocabulary.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Improving their word decoding skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        23 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                23. Which of these allows writers to write content that is readable and understandable? 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Spelling.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Punctuation.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Grammar.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        24 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                24.    How can you help adult learners become fluent in reading?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. None of the options.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. By putting them in competition with young readers.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. By giving them reading tests.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. By providing them with reading materials relevant to their interests.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        25 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                25. Why do not adult learners spend all day learning, as children do?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. None of the options.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Because they are slow learners.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Because they are forced to learn.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Because they have other obligations.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        26 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                26. Who chooses the appropriate learning time for adult learners?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The learners themselves.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The Ministry of Education.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teachers.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The learners together with their teachers.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        27 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                27. When assessing reading in transparent languages: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Reading fluency is almost the same as reading accuracy.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Reading fluency is not a relevant measure when assessing reading. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Reading fluency is very useful when defining reading disabilities.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Reading fluency is not connected to reading disabilities.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        28 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                28. When assessing reading and spelling: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The assessment should include only word reading lists made by the teacher.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The assessment should include only real words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The assessment should include letter knowledge and phoneme awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The assessment should include a rapid spelling test.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        29 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                29. Developing good handwriting:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Is a fast process.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Is automatic and requires no special practice.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Requires many years of practice.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Requires little effort.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        30 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                30.  Which of the following is NOT a psychological benefit of listening to stories?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Developing emotional wellbeing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Developing visual perceptual skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Developing imagination.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Gaining knowledge about new things and new words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        31 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                31. In learning to read, it is important that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher inspires children to read
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher knows the local languages of the pupils in the class.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher uses proper teaching methods.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        32 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                32. Part-time special education in grades one and two:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Predicts faster skill development in children with reading and spelling difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Does not help children with reading difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Is not needed because some children may just have a delay in their learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Is not a reasonable way to use limited teaching resources.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        33 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                33. Screening instruments used in prevention programs for reading difficulties do NOT usually assess which of the following skills?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Fine motor skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Phonological awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Letter knowledge.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Rapid automatized naming.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        34 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                34. Based on research, which of the following is NOT true:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Learning to read, for children with a reading disability, is based on the same developmental steps as readers without a disability.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. A reading difficulty can be most successfully treated when identified early in development.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Learning to read, for children with a reading disability, is based on the same cognitive processes as readers without a disability.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. It does not matter if a reading disability is not recognised/identified. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        35 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                35. Which of the following is NOT included in Fletcher’s general principles of instruction for children with learning difficulties:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Cumulative review.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Instructional explicitness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Focusing only on phonics in reading difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Incorporation of self-regulation strategies.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        36 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                36. Based on research, which of these statements is NOT true? 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Some poor readers have problems in learning the new words accurately.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Most poor readers have a combination of difficulties in different aspects of reading skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. All poor readers have similar kinds of difficulties in reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Some poor readers struggle to read fluently.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        37 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                37. A precise estimate of the prevalence of dyslexia in any population is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. 30–50%
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. 4–6%
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. 0.5%
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. 1%
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        38 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                38. In learning to read, it is most important that a child:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Remembers words as a whole.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Learns the letter names.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Learns letter-sound correspondences. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Learns to draw letter forms. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        39 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                39. Based on neuroimaging studies:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The whole brain is activated when we read. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. There is only one reading centre in the brain.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The reading system in the brain is different in beginner readers and fluent readers.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. We don’t know which parts of the brain are activated during reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        40 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                40. The most prominent characteristic of reading disability (dyslexia) is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Poor text comprehension. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Struggles with word reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Attention problems.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Problems in visual perception.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

            
            
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