Teacher Certification - eTALE Africa

Background
This Teacher Certification module was developed to give You feedback, how well You master the research-based content of Literacy learning, Literacy teaching and Reading difficulties. If you successfully complete the module, you will receive a Certificate of Completion that enhances Your professional development.
How to start?
Before you start to study eTALE Africa learning content, we highly recommend You do first a “pretest” by answering 40 random multiple-choice questions. Note that there is only one correct answer for each question (a, b, c or d). You will have one hour to complete the pretest. After answering to all 40 questions, you will receive immediate feedback how well You did.
How to do the test?
If You already are an expert in the content and receive at least 70% (28 out of 40 questions correct) in the pretest, you will automatically receive the Certificate to your email. You can save and print it as a demonstration of your knowledge in literacy learning and teaching and reading difficulties.
What if I do not get 70% in pretest?
If You don’t get 70% in the pretest, do not worry. The “pretest” is the starting point of eTALE Africa eLearning environment! When You have gone through and studied the content, you can do the “post-test” or “final examination”. You can do the test as many times as you like. But note the questions will not be the same or in same order.
When You have answered correctly least to 28 questions (that is 70% and above), the Certificate is send to Your email.
Parts of the eTALE Africa content may seem challenging and the test might not be an easy task! But remember, You can always read a little bit more and do the test again.
Ready? Let´s go!
If you want to do the pretest now, please continue below.

            
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                    Certification test
                    
                    Teacher certification test
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                        
                    
                    
                    
                
            

                    
                    User data for teacher certification test

                        NameEmailCountryOther country (fill in here)How many times have you tried this test?
                        
                            
                            
                        
                    
                  

                        
                        
                        1 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                1. To identify sounds of word helps learners to:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Get dyslexia.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Improve their spelling.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Learn to sing the words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. See how well the teacher prepared the lesson.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        2 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                2.  Phonological awareness means:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Naming letters in alphabetical order.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Identifying the sounds, syllables, and words of the language.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The ability to spell and read words correctly.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The ability to count the number of words correctly.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        3 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                3. Which of these is an important learning skill?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Repetition- or rehearsal-based study skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Procedural or organisational study skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Cognitive and metacognitive study skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        4 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                4. Twenty-first century learning skills do NOT include:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Creative thinking and problem solving.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Critical thinking
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Fine motor skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Communicating (including digital literacy), collaborating, and citizenship.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        5 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                5. Which of these is NOT part of the executive functions of the brain?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Cognitive or mental flexibility.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Working memory.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Inhibitory control.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Auditive perception.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        6 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                6. Development of voluntary attention:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Is based on the way an adult verbally guides a child.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Is not important in daily life. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Is based on the novelty and power of stimuli.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Is not important in learning at school.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        7 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                7. To increase reading motivation, it is important that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teachers listen to the children’s needs and pay attention to their motivations so that their lessons can be successfully implemented.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Learners are allowed to choose the complementary books they want to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Learners understand the basics of reading to get positive feedback in learning situations at home and at school.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        8 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                8. Which one is NOT true? Listening skills...

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Are fundamental for the development of social and relational skills in the school context. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Play a key role in literacy success and the development of numerous other language skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Are  very important skills in learning new motor skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. And academic success or knowledge are closely connected since listening is an important skill children use to process and acquire information.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        9 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                9. Children do NOT need working memory when:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Remembering a password or telephone number.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Trying to remember spoken directions to a specific location.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Immediately repeating a number series, such as  3-6-2, after the teacher.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. When remembering specific numbers and how they should be manipulated in different arithmetic and calculation tasks.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        10 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                10. In teaching vocabulary, it is important to:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Build relationships among words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Offer several exposures.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. All alternatives are correct. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Relate the vocabulary to prior knowledge.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        11 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                11.  Which of the following is an example of a semiotic system?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Linguistic.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Gestural.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Visual.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        12 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                12. Which of the following is NOT a dimension of multilingual pedagogy?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Transformed practise.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Situated practise.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Critical instruction.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Overt instruction.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        13 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                13. Many countries around the world are promoting multilingualism, even in places where multilingualism is absent from official educational policy, because multilingualism has been shown to have several advantages. These advantages do NOT include:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Increased career opportunities.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Enhanced communication skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Increased linguistic recognition.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Increased intelligence.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        14 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                14. Bilingual education entails:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Education where languages are thought of as additional or optional subjects.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Education in which content is conceived of using a child’s mother language.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Education in which content is learned in and through at least two languages.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Education where content is conceived using English.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        15 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                15. Metalinguistic awareness and development begins:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. In middle childhood.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. In adulthood.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. At birth.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. In adolescence.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        16 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                16. Which of the following is NOT a reading comprehension skill?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Attitude. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Reasoning. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Decoding. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Fluency. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        17 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                17. Which of the following teacher prompts would be most appropriate to use to promote pre-primary learners’ (5-6 year old children) phonemic awareness skills?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. “Say the first sound you hear in the word ball.”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. “What sound does the letter D make?”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. “Clap your hands for every beat you hear in the word umbrella.”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. “Can you think of a word that rhymes with the word cat?”
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        18 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                18. A pre-primary school teacher orally presents learners with pairs of words (e.g., buy/tie, see/saw) and has learners identify whether the words rhyme or not. Next, she says a list of one-syllable words and asks learners to point to a part of the body that rhymes with each word (e.g., the teacher says bed, and the learners point to their heads). These activities promote learners’ reading development primarily by:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Promoting their development of phonological awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Improving their word decoding skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Enriching their vocabulary.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Expanding their understanding of the alphabetic principle.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        19 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                19. Which of the following best describes the role of phonics in a research-based primary-school reading program in local languages?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Phonics is a key component of comprehensive reading instruction that supports learners’ development of fluency and comprehension.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Phonics is an instructional strategy that should be used primarily as an intervention for learners who are experiencing reading difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Phonics should be the central focus of reading instruction until learners have achieved automatic recognition of high-frequency sight-words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Phonics is a reading technique that should be taught implicitly to learners who demonstrate specific needs in the area of decoding skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        20 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                20. Which of the following best describes the primary purpose and function of a classroom reading assessment?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. To monitor learners' academic achievement in reading by measuring their mastery of the reading standards set by SACMEQ.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. To prepare learners for state standardised testing on reading by equipping them with a variety of test-taking strategies.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. To evaluate the effectiveness of reading instruction by comparing the reading levels of specific groups of learners.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. To provide instructional plans for reading by determining individual learners' ongoing reading needs.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        21 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                21. Organisational support in teaching means:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Children organise their school work.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Teachers handle school organisation.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Children behave badly.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Good management in teaching.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        22 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                22. Child-centred teaching means that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher is sensitive to the child’s needs in learning.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The child sits between the teacher’s arms while learning.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The child decides what she/he would like to learn.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher puts the child in the middle of the classroom.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        23 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                23.  When can adult learners begin to learn to read phrases and sentences?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. After registering in a literacy program.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. After attending several reading classes.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. None of the options.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. After obtaining the skills to read words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        24 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                24. When assessing reading and spelling: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The assessment should include letter knowledge and phoneme awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The assessment should include only real words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The assessment should include a rapid spelling test.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The assessment should include only word reading lists made by the teacher.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        25 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                25. How should a teacher NOT help children with spelling difficulties?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Have students write words and mark the spelling errors with a red pen.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Train students to check spelling after writing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Train students to have phonological awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Focus on self-correcting strategies.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        26 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                26. When comparing handwriting and typing:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Typing seems to be more efficient when learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Typing supports the remembering of letters better than handwriting.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Sensory experiences in typing are more complex than in handwriting.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Handwriting activates engrams in the brain, which supports learning letters.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        27 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                27. When spelling in transparent languages (e.g., bantu languages):

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. You need to know how to separate syllables from words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. You need to know the letter-phoneme connections.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. You need to know how to separate phonemes from syllables.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        28 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                28.  Which of the following is NOT a psychological benefit of listening to stories?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Gaining knowledge about new things and new words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Developing emotional wellbeing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Developing imagination.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Developing visual perceptual skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        29 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                29.  Which of the following is NOT a good way to teach phonics?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Tell a story that focuses on the phonic of the day, what it looks like, and how to write it.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Show a letter and tell the learners what it is; learners repeat it ten times in chorus.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Learners bring objects, say the beginning sound of each object, and identify the letter.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teach the letter names and then the sounds they make in words. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        30 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                30. Apps for reading development

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Require that the child be a skilled reader.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Provide reading materials for different reading skill levels.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Do not encourage children to read. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Provide stories in English only.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        31 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                31. To preventing reading difficulties:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teachers should carefully assess pre-reading skills like phonological skills and letter knowledge.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Teachers should just encourage these children to concentrate on other school subjects.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. There is nothing a teacher can do.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teachers should just accept that there are children who can’t learn to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        32 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                32. For very young children, the reading environment in the home is strongly linked to their emergent literacy skills before entering school. Which of these is NOT an important aspect of the home literacy environment:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Number of books in the home.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Presence of a radio in the home.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Parents’ reading habits.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Parents’ attitude toward reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        33 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                33. A reading disorder is a developmental disorder that is characterised by reading achievement (i.e., accuracy, speed, and comprehension) being significantly below standards expected for which of the following:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Chronological age.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Level of cognitive skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Schooling experience.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        34 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                34. Based on research, which of these statements is INCORRECT. Intensity of reading instruction and intervention can be increased by:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Increasing the extent of the intervention (number of hours).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Providing explicit instruction. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Decreasing group size (whole-class, small group, one-to-one).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Allowing the child to practice independently most of the time.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        35 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                35.  Based on research, which of these statements is INCORRECT concerning effective instruction for children with reading difficulties: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher lets children learn to read independently.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Teaching is guided with independent practice and constructive feedback.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher provides clear modelling, demonstrations, and explanations.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher adapts instructions according to a child’s skill level. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        36 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                36. Based on research, which of the following is NOT true:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. It does not matter if a reading disability is not recognised/identified. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Learning to read, for children with a reading disability, is based on the same cognitive processes as readers without a disability.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Learning to read, for children with a reading disability, is based on the same developmental steps as readers without a disability.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. A reading difficulty can be most successfully treated when identified early in development.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        37 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                37. Based on research, which of these statements is NOT true? 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Some poor readers have problems in learning the new words accurately.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Most poor readers have a combination of difficulties in different aspects of reading skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Some poor readers struggle to read fluently.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. All poor readers have similar kinds of difficulties in reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        38 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                38. In learning to read, it is most important that a child:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Learns the letter names.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Learns letter-sound correspondences. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Learns to draw letter forms. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Remembers words as a whole.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        39 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                39. Spoken language skills:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Are not important in learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Have only a very limited effect on learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Form the foundation for learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Are not necessary in learning to spell. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        40 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                40. The orthographic structure of a language is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Something that is not important in spelling and writing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The visual forms of the letters in the language.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The letter names in the language.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. A set of conventions for the writing of the language.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

            
            
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