Teacher Certification - eTALE Africa

Background
This Teacher Certification module was developed to give You feedback, how well You master the research-based content of Literacy learning, Literacy teaching and Reading difficulties. If you successfully complete the module, you will receive a Certificate of Completion that enhances Your professional development.
How to start?
Before you start to study eTALE Africa learning content, we highly recommend You do first a “pretest” by answering 40 random multiple-choice questions. Note that there is only one correct answer for each question (a, b, c or d). You will have one hour to complete the pretest. After answering to all 40 questions, you will receive immediate feedback how well You did.
How to do the test?
If You already are an expert in the content and receive at least 70% (28 out of 40 questions correct) in the pretest, you will automatically receive the Certificate to your email. You can save and print it as a demonstration of your knowledge in literacy learning and teaching and reading difficulties.
What if I do not get 70% in pretest?
If You don’t get 70% in the pretest, do not worry. The “pretest” is the starting point of eTALE Africa eLearning environment! When You have gone through and studied the content, you can do the “post-test” or “final examination”. You can do the test as many times as you like. But note the questions will not be the same or in same order.
When You have answered correctly least to 28 questions (that is 70% and above), the Certificate is send to Your email.
Parts of the eTALE Africa content may seem challenging and the test might not be an easy task! But remember, You can always read a little bit more and do the test again.
Ready? Let´s go!
If you want to do the pretest now, please continue below.

            
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                    Certification test
                    
                    Teacher certification test
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                        
                    
                    
                    
                
            

                    
                    User data for teacher certification test

                        NameEmailCountryOther country (fill in here)How many times have you tried this test?
                        
                            
                            
                        
                    
                  

                        
                        
                        1 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                1. Critical factor for reading mastery is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Practice time.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Phonological skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Reading motivation.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        2 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                2. The external factor that can be harmful to children’s learning to read is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Inappropriate teaching methods.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Using children's mother tongue in teaching.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Lessons that are age appropriate.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Expository texts that are too easy.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        3 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                3. What would be a good starting point for teaching letter sounds? 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teach short vowels before long vowels.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Teach letter names and the sounds they make in words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Lower- and uppercase letter teaching depends on the counontry’s preferences.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. First teach letter sounds that occur frequently in simple words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        4 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                4.  Phonological awareness means:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Naming letters in alphabetical order.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The ability to count the number of words correctly.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Identifying the sounds, syllables, and words of the language.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The ability to spell and read words correctly.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        5 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                5. Development of voluntary attention:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Is not important in daily life. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Is not important in learning at school.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Is based on the way an adult verbally guides a child.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Is based on the novelty and power of stimuli.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        6 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                6. Which one is NOT true? Listening skills...

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Are  very important skills in learning new motor skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Play a key role in literacy success and the development of numerous other language skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Are fundamental for the development of social and relational skills in the school context. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. And academic success or knowledge are closely connected since listening is an important skill children use to process and acquire information.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        7 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                7. Which one of these is NOT a good strategy to reduce working memory load when a child has problems with working memory?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Try to combine new material with familiar material so that it is easy for children to remember.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Use pictures or comics, which may help children remember multistep instructions.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Speak fast so that the child remembers.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Try to use short, simple sentences.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        8 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                8. Which one of these is NOT related to rapid naming problems?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. A child learns to read accurately, but the reading is slow and laborious.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. A child reads fluently, but makes many errors in reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. A child uses “empty words” or very general words like “that thing.”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Learning the letters is laborious even when phonological skills are intact.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        9 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                9. Rapid naming means:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. A child is very rapid in answering teachers’ questions.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. How fluently and quickly a child speaks.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The ability to fluently find the names of familiar items.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The rapid repeating of known words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        10 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                10. A delay in expressive vocabulary (late talking) at the age of 2–2.5 years predicts:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Comprehension difficulties in reading at school age.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Predicts nothing important because some children just learn to talk later than others.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Early vocabulary is not associated with reading comprehension.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Reading fluency at school age.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        11 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                11. Which of the following is an example of a communication mode?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Visual.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Linguistic.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Gestural.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Print.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        12 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                12. Which of the following is NOT a dimension of multilingual pedagogy?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Critical instruction.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Transformed practise.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Overt instruction.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Situated practise.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        13 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                13. Multiliteracy pedagogy stresses the need for language and literacy education to take into account:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Writing and reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Listening.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Drama and play pedagogy.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        14 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                14. A good way to teach morphological awareness is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. To ask the children to repeat text read by the teacher.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. To teach how different parts of words can be separated.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. To teach children to spell words correctly.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. To ask the children to write dictated words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        15 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                15.  Which of the following is NOT true of text comprehension?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. It distorts the writers’ message.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. It allows readers to enjoy what they are reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. It allows readers to use the information gained from the text.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. It allows readers to gain an understanding of what’s being read.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        16 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                16. Steps of teaching reading comprehension when the child masters the basic reading skills.

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Picture walk, during-reading, pre-reading, post-reading. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. During-reading, vocabulary, pre-reading, post-reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Picture walk, during-reading, pre-reading, post-reading. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Pre-reading, during-reading, post-reading. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        17 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                17. Which of the following best describes the role of phonics in a research-based primary-school reading program in local languages?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Phonics is a reading technique that should be taught implicitly to learners who demonstrate specific needs in the area of decoding skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Phonics is an instructional strategy that should be used primarily as an intervention for learners who are experiencing reading difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Phonics is a key component of comprehensive reading instruction that supports learners’ development of fluency and comprehension.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Phonics should be the central focus of reading instruction until learners have achieved automatic recognition of high-frequency sight-words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        18 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                18. Organisational support in teaching means:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teachers handle school organisation.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Children organise their school work.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Good management in teaching.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Children behave badly.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        19 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                19. Teaching through interaction means that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Children talk a lot in the classroom.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Teacher-child interaction supports learning.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Children have fun in the classroom.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher talks a lot in the classroom.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        20 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                20. Child-centred teaching has a positive effect on:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Children’s hobbies.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Children’s sleep habits.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Children’s learning outcomes.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Children’s eating habits. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        21 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                21. Child-centred teaching means that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher puts the child in the middle of the classroom.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The child decides what she/he would like to learn.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher is sensitive to the child’s needs in learning.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The child sits between the teacher’s arms while learning.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        22 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                22. Choose the correct process for teaching productive writing:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Publishing, revising, reviewing, drafting, planning.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Planning, drafting, reviewing, revising, publishing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Reviewing, drafting, planning, publishing, reviewing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Drafting, planning, revising, reviewing, publishing.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        23 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                23. Which of the following statements about the importance of teaching productive writing is FALSE?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Learners learn to correct their writing mistakes and perfect their writing skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Learners learn how to use the components of language and improve their language skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. b.	Learners can improve their writing ability by expressing their thoughts to other people.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Writing builds distance between the writer and reader.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        24 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                24. When assessing reading and spelling: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The assessment should include letter knowledge and phoneme awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The assessment should include only real words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The assessment should include only word reading lists made by the teacher.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The assessment should include a rapid spelling test.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        25 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                25. How should a teacher NOT help children with spelling difficulties?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Focus on self-correcting strategies.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Train students to have phonological awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Train students to check spelling after writing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Have students write words and mark the spelling errors with a red pen.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        26 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                26. After the first school year, the best predictor of spelling skill in transparent languages is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Letter-sound knowledge.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Visuo-motor skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Phonological awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Reading skill development.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        27 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                27. When spelling in transparent languages (e.g., bantu languages):

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. You need to know the letter-phoneme connections.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. You need to know how to separate phonemes from syllables.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. You need to know how to separate syllables from words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        28 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                28.  Which of the following is NOT a good way to teach phonics?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teach the letter names and then the sounds they make in words. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Show a letter and tell the learners what it is; learners repeat it ten times in chorus.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Learners bring objects, say the beginning sound of each object, and identify the letter.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Tell a story that focuses on the phonic of the day, what it looks like, and how to write it.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        29 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                29. ICT is integrated into reading instruction when:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher records and plays back children’s reading efforts.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher takes photos of learners.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher shows pictures of items learned about in different units, e.g., environmental education.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher uses her/his cell phone in class.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        30 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                30. Blended learning is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The integration of the theme, for example, plants, is integrated in each relevant school subject.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The integration of teacher led learning and learner co-operative learning. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The integration of face-to-face instruction and online learning.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The integration of reading and writing.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        31 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                31. We can say that a child has dyslexia or a reading disability when we are sure that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The child speaks the language used in reading instruction.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The child has no visual impairment.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The child has been in school and recieved adequate instruction in reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        32 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                32. A reading disorder is a developmental disorder that is characterised by reading achievement (i.e., accuracy, speed, and comprehension) being significantly below standards expected for which of the following:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Schooling experience.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Chronological age.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Level of cognitive skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        33 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                33.  Which of the following modalities is the most beneficial in learning to read:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Touching.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Seeing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Hearing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Using multiple senses (multisensory approach).
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        34 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                34. Based on research, which of the following is NOT true:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. It does not matter if a reading disability is not recognised/identified. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Learning to read, for children with a reading disability, is based on the same cognitive processes as readers without a disability.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. A reading difficulty can be most successfully treated when identified early in development.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Learning to read, for children with a reading disability, is based on the same developmental steps as readers without a disability.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        35 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                35. Which of the following is NOT included in Fletcher’s general principles of instruction for children with learning difficulties:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Incorporation of self-regulation strategies.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Focusing only on phonics in reading difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Instructional explicitness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Cumulative review.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        36 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                36. The main idea of a multi-tiered system of support in instruction is that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Interventions are layered as a continuum, for example, into three levels of intensiveness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Children with different kinds of learning difficulties are separated into different teaching groups.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Many different approaches are used to support children who struggle in learning.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Children with learning disabilities are taught in special classes.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        37 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                37. In learning to read, it is most important that a child:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Remembers words as a whole.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Learns to draw letter forms. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Learns letter-sound correspondences. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Learns the letter names.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        38 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                38. Based on genetic studies of dyslexia, we know that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. There is no single gene for reading disabilities.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Reading disabilities do not run in families.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. There is one gene that affects brain development and leads to a reading disability.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Because reading disabilities have a genetic background, it is not possible to influence children through teaching. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        39 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                39. The orthographic structure of a language is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The letter names in the language.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The visual forms of the letters in the language.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Something that is not important in spelling and writing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. A set of conventions for the writing of the language.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        40 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                40. The most prominent characteristic of reading disability (dyslexia) is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Problems in visual perception.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Attention problems.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Poor text comprehension. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Struggles with word reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

            
            
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