Teacher Certification - eTALE Africa

Background
This Teacher Certification module was developed to give You feedback, how well You master the research-based content of Literacy learning, Literacy teaching and Reading difficulties. If you successfully complete the module, you will receive a Certificate of Completion that enhances Your professional development.
How to start?
Before you start to study eTALE Africa learning content, we highly recommend You do first a “pretest” by answering 40 random multiple-choice questions. Note that there is only one correct answer for each question (a, b, c or d). You will have one hour to complete the pretest. After answering to all 40 questions, you will receive immediate feedback how well You did.
How to do the test?
If You already are an expert in the content and receive at least 70% (28 out of 40 questions correct) in the pretest, you will automatically receive the Certificate to your email. You can save and print it as a demonstration of your knowledge in literacy learning and teaching and reading difficulties.
What if I do not get 70% in pretest?
If You don’t get 70% in the pretest, do not worry. The “pretest” is the starting point of eTALE Africa eLearning environment! When You have gone through and studied the content, you can do the “post-test” or “final examination”. You can do the test as many times as you like. But note the questions will not be the same or in same order.
When You have answered correctly least to 28 questions (that is 70% and above), the Certificate is send to Your email.
Parts of the eTALE Africa content may seem challenging and the test might not be an easy task! But remember, You can always read a little bit more and do the test again.
Ready? Let´s go!
If you want to do the pretest now, please continue below.

            
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                    Certification test
                    
                    Teacher certification test
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                        
                    
                    
                    
                
            

                    
                    User data for teacher certification test

                        NameEmailCountryOther country (fill in here)How many times have you tried this test?
                        
                            
                            
                        
                    
                  

                        
                        
                        1 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                1. Which of the following is NOT one of the roles of an efficient reader?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Codebreaker (using phonics, context, and grammar cues).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Repeater (learning by heart)
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Text user (applying reading skills for authentic purposes).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Text participant (making meaning, relating information).
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        2 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                2.  Why is letter knowledge important for literacy development?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. It is a strong predictor of reading comprehension.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Upper- and lowercase letters may confuse learners and hamper reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. It helps to make decoding easier when children sound out the alphabet.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. It is necessary to make sense of words through the recognition of letters and the sounds they make.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        3 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                3. The skill of identifying and producing rhyming words is useful for:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Identifying if a child’s hearing is hampering reading development.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Identifying child’s visual-perceptual difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Keeping learners busy and preventing disturbances in class.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Learning to sound out phonics in short words and identifying relevant words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        4 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                4.  Phonological awareness means:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Identifying the sounds, syllables, and words of the language.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The ability to count the number of words correctly.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Naming letters in alphabetical order.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The ability to spell and read words correctly.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        5 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                5. Which of these is an important learning skill?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Repetition- or rehearsal-based study skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Procedural or organisational study skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Cognitive and metacognitive study skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        6 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                6. To increase reading motivation, it is important that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Teachers listen to the children’s needs and pay attention to their motivations so that their lessons can be successfully implemented.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Learners are allowed to choose the complementary books they want to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Learners understand the basics of reading to get positive feedback in learning situations at home and at school.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        7 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                7. Rapid naming means:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The ability to fluently find the names of familiar items.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. How fluently and quickly a child speaks.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The rapid repeating of known words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. A child is very rapid in answering teachers’ questions.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        8 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                8. To become a good reader, it is important that a child:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Learns letter names.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Repeats the words the teacher reads.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Knows letters and corresponding letter-sounds and be able to blend them into syllables and words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Learn to recognize words as a whole.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        9 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                9. A delay in expressive vocabulary (late talking) at the age of 2–2.5 years predicts:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Reading fluency at school age.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Early vocabulary is not associated with reading comprehension.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Comprehension difficulties in reading at school age.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Predicts nothing important because some children just learn to talk later than others.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        10 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                10. In teaching vocabulary, it is important to:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. All alternatives are correct. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Relate the vocabulary to prior knowledge.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Offer several exposures.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Build relationships among words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        11 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                11. Which of the following is an example of a communication mode?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Linguistic.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Print.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Gestural.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Visual.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        12 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                12. Many countries around the world are promoting multilingualism, even in places where multilingualism is absent from official educational policy, because multilingualism has been shown to have several advantages. These advantages do NOT include:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Increased intelligence.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Increased linguistic recognition.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Increased career opportunities.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Enhanced communication skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        13 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                13. A good way to teach morphological awareness is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. To teach how different parts of words can be separated.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. To ask the children to write dictated words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. To teach children to spell words correctly.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. To ask the children to repeat text read by the teacher.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        14 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                14.  Which of the following is NOT true of text comprehension?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. It allows readers to enjoy what they are reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. It allows readers to use the information gained from the text.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. It allows readers to gain an understanding of what’s being read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. It distorts the writers’ message.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        15 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                15. Which of the following teacher prompts would be most appropriate to use to promote pre-primary learners’ (5-6 year old children) phonemic awareness skills?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. “Say the first sound you hear in the word ball.”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. “What sound does the letter D make?”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. “Can you think of a word that rhymes with the word cat?”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. “Clap your hands for every beat you hear in the word umbrella.”
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        16 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                16. Emotional support in teaching means that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher ignores crying children.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher tells children how to feel.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher is sensitive to students’ needs.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher teaches emotional skills to the children.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        17 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                17. Teacher-directed teaching is beneficial: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. For learning social relations.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. For having contact with the teacher.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. For learning basic reading and mathematics.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. For learning to play football.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        18 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                18. Teacher-directed teaching means that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher punishes the children when they behave badly.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher uses drill-and-practice methods in teaching basic academics.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher does not use group work in teaching basic academics.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher shouts at the children when they do not study basic academics enough.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        19 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                19. Child-centred teaching has a positive effect on:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Children’s learning outcomes.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Children’s eating habits. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Children’s sleep habits.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Children’s hobbies.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        20 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                20. Choose the correct process for teaching productive writing:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Publishing, revising, reviewing, drafting, planning.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Drafting, planning, revising, reviewing, publishing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Reviewing, drafting, planning, publishing, reviewing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Planning, drafting, reviewing, revising, publishing.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        21 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                21. Which of the following statements about the importance of teaching productive writing is FALSE?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. b.	Learners can improve their writing ability by expressing their thoughts to other people.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Writing builds distance between the writer and reader.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Learners learn how to use the components of language and improve their language skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Learners learn to correct their writing mistakes and perfect their writing skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        22 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                22. Why do not adult learners spend all day learning, as children do?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Because they are forced to learn.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Because they have other obligations.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Because they are slow learners.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. None of the options.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        23 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                23.  How can you manage adult learners during literacy learning sessions?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. By integrating emotion into lessons.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. By giving them many tasks to accomplish.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. By giving them difficult questions for discussion.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Through corporal punishment.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        24 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                24. Why does teaching adult learners require special skills?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Because they are slow learners.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Because they are intelligent.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Because they are special.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Because their age makes them behave in a different manner.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        25 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                25. When assessing reading in transparent languages: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Reading fluency is not connected to reading disabilities.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Reading fluency is almost the same as reading accuracy.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Reading fluency is not a relevant measure when assessing reading. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Reading fluency is very useful when defining reading disabilities.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        26 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                26. When beginning to teach a new phoneme, it is useful to tell a story because:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Parents like to hear stories from school.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Children like to hear nice stories.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teachers like to tell stories.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Children can associate familiar matters with the new phoneme.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        27 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                27. In phonics-based instruction, one of the repeated processes is NOT:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Combining syllables into words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Blending phonemes into syllables.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Combining words into sentences.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Transforming letters into phonemes.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        28 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                28. When comparing handwriting and typing:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Handwriting activates engrams in the brain, which supports learning letters.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Typing seems to be more efficient when learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Sensory experiences in typing are more complex than in handwriting.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Typing supports the remembering of letters better than handwriting.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        29 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                29. ICT is integrated into reading instruction when:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher records and plays back children’s reading efforts.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher uses her/his cell phone in class.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher takes photos of learners.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher shows pictures of items learned about in different units, e.g., environmental education.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        30 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                30. Which of the following is NOT considered a benefit of ICT usage?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. It enhances learning by engaging the mind with a platform other than a book.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Teachers are replaced by ICT technology.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Children have positive learning experiences.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. ICT activities promote collaboration, as well as individual learning.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        31 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                31. In learning to read, it is important that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher knows the local languages of the pupils in the class.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher uses proper teaching methods.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher inspires children to read
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        32 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                32.  Which of the following modalities is the most beneficial in learning to read:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Seeing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Hearing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Touching.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Using multiple senses (multisensory approach).
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        33 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                33. Which of the following is INCORRECT based on research? Fundamental principles for interventions for word-level reading difficulties include:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The instructional-level of the reading material is not important in word-level reading instruction.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Reliance on explicit instruction on letter–sound connections. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teaching phonics explicitly in the context of a multicomponent, integrated instructional program
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Intensive monitoring of the development of reading skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        34 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                34. Screening instruments used in prevention programs for reading difficulties do NOT usually assess which of the following skills?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Rapid automatized naming.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Letter knowledge.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Phonological awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Fine motor skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        35 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                35. Which of the following is the most effective method for improving literacy in children and adolescents with reading difficulties?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Using auditory training.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Systematic instruction of letter–sound correspondences and decoding. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Use of coloured lenses.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teaching whole and sight words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        36 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                36. Which of the following is NOT included in Fletcher’s general principles of instruction for children with learning difficulties:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Instructional explicitness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Cumulative review.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Incorporation of self-regulation strategies.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Focusing only on phonics in reading difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        37 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                37. A precise estimate of the prevalence of dyslexia in any population is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. 0.5%
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. 4–6%
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. 30–50%
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. 1%
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        38 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                38. In learning to read, it is most important that a child:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Learns to draw letter forms. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Learns the letter names.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Remembers words as a whole.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Learns letter-sound correspondences. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        39 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                39. Spoken language skills:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Are not necessary in learning to spell. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Have only a very limited effect on learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Are not important in learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Form the foundation for learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        40 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                40. Based on neuroimaging studies:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. There is only one reading centre in the brain.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The whole brain is activated when we read. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. We don’t know which parts of the brain are activated during reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The reading system in the brain is different in beginner readers and fluent readers.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

            
            
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