Teacher Certification - eTALE Africa

Background
This Teacher Certification module was developed to give You feedback, how well You master the research-based content of Literacy learning, Literacy teaching and Reading difficulties. If you successfully complete the module, you will receive a Certificate of Completion that enhances Your professional development.
How to start?
Before you start to study eTALE Africa learning content, we highly recommend You do first a “pretest” by answering 40 random multiple-choice questions. Note that there is only one correct answer for each question (a, b, c or d). You will have one hour to complete the pretest. After answering to all 40 questions, you will receive immediate feedback how well You did.
How to do the test?
If You already are an expert in the content and receive at least 70% (28 out of 40 questions correct) in the pretest, you will automatically receive the Certificate to your email. You can save and print it as a demonstration of your knowledge in literacy learning and teaching and reading difficulties.
What if I do not get 70% in pretest?
If You don’t get 70% in the pretest, do not worry. The “pretest” is the starting point of eTALE Africa eLearning environment! When You have gone through and studied the content, you can do the “post-test” or “final examination”. You can do the test as many times as you like. But note the questions will not be the same or in same order.
When You have answered correctly least to 28 questions (that is 70% and above), the Certificate is send to Your email.
Parts of the eTALE Africa content may seem challenging and the test might not be an easy task! But remember, You can always read a little bit more and do the test again.
Ready? Let´s go!
If you want to do the pretest now, please continue below.

            
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                    Certification test
                    
                    Teacher certification test
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                        
                    
                    
                    
                
            

                    
                    User data for teacher certification test

                        NameEmailCountryOther country (fill in here)How many times have you tried this test?
                        
                            
                            
                        
                    
                  

                        
                        
                        1 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                1. Critical factor for reading mastery is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Phonological skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Reading motivation.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Practice time.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        2 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                2. What would be a good starting point for teaching letter sounds? 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teach short vowels before long vowels.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Lower- and uppercase letter teaching depends on the counontry’s preferences.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. First teach letter sounds that occur frequently in simple words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teach letter names and the sounds they make in words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        3 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                3. The method of promoting the development of phonemic awareness in young children is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Counting how many words make up a specific sentence.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Teaching sounds with corresponding letter names.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teaching rhyming words and syllables.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teaching short vowel phonics.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        4 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                4. A common manifestation of weak cognitive or mental flexibility in children is NOT:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Resistance to changes.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Getting stuck on one topic or activity.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Talking or playing too loudly.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Being upset by a change of plans.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        5 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                5. You can get a child to pay attention:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. By being clear in your expectations.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. By teaching at the appropriate difficulty level.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. By incorporating movement and physical activity into your lessons.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        6 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                6. Development of voluntary attention:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Is not important in daily life. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Is based on the way an adult verbally guides a child.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Is based on the novelty and power of stimuli.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Is not important in learning at school.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        7 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                7. A child shows intrinsic motivation when:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The child thinks “I will practice reading because I will get a good grade.”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Interested in earning a reward from an external source.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The child thinks “I like to read because I want to know more about animals.”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The child does what the teacher says she or he should do.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        8 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                8. Which one is NOT true? Listening skills...

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Play a key role in literacy success and the development of numerous other language skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Are  very important skills in learning new motor skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Are fundamental for the development of social and relational skills in the school context. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. And academic success or knowledge are closely connected since listening is an important skill children use to process and acquire information.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        9 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                9. Which one of these is NOT a good strategy to reduce working memory load when a child has problems with working memory?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Speak fast so that the child remembers.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Try to use short, simple sentences.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Use pictures or comics, which may help children remember multistep instructions.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Try to combine new material with familiar material so that it is easy for children to remember.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        10 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                10. A delay in expressive vocabulary (late talking) at the age of 2–2.5 years predicts:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Comprehension difficulties in reading at school age.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Reading fluency at school age.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Early vocabulary is not associated with reading comprehension.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Predicts nothing important because some children just learn to talk later than others.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        11 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                11. Multiliteracy pedagogy stresses the need for language and literacy education to take into account:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Drama and play pedagogy.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Listening.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Writing and reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        12 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                12. Multilingualism:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Is synonymous with bilingualism.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Refers to state of knowing or using a mother language in written or spoken form by an individual or a community.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Refers to state of knowing or using more than one language in written or spoken form by an individual or a community.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Is synonymous with monolingualism.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        13 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                13. Monolingualism:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Is synonymous with bilingualism.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Refers to the state of knowing or being able to use only one language, at any given time, in speech or written form.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Refers to the state of knowing or being able to use only one language in speech or written form. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Is synonymous with multilingualism.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        14 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                14. Which of the following is NOT a level at which phonological awareness is taught?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Bi-syllable level.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Phoneme level.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Word level.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Syllable level.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        15 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                15.  Which of the following is NOT true of text comprehension?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. It distorts the writers’ message.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. It allows readers to use the information gained from the text.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. It allows readers to enjoy what they are reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. It allows readers to gain an understanding of what’s being read.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        16 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                16. Which of the following teacher prompts would be most appropriate to use to promote pre-primary learners’ (5-6 year old children) phonemic awareness skills?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. “Can you think of a word that rhymes with the word cat?”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. “Say the first sound you hear in the word ball.”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. “Clap your hands for every beat you hear in the word umbrella.”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. “What sound does the letter D make?”
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        17 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                17. Which of the following best describes the role of phonics in a research-based primary-school reading program in local languages?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Phonics should be the central focus of reading instruction until learners have achieved automatic recognition of high-frequency sight-words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Phonics is an instructional strategy that should be used primarily as an intervention for learners who are experiencing reading difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Phonics is a reading technique that should be taught implicitly to learners who demonstrate specific needs in the area of decoding skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Phonics is a key component of comprehensive reading instruction that supports learners’ development of fluency and comprehension.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        18 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                18. Which of the following best describes the primary purpose and function of a classroom reading assessment?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. To prepare learners for state standardised testing on reading by equipping them with a variety of test-taking strategies.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. To provide instructional plans for reading by determining individual learners' ongoing reading needs.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. To evaluate the effectiveness of reading instruction by comparing the reading levels of specific groups of learners.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. To monitor learners' academic achievement in reading by measuring their mastery of the reading standards set by SACMEQ.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        19 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                19. Instructional support means that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teachers support children’s behaviour.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Teachers get support for teaching.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teachers offer tips to colleagues on best practices.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teachers support children’s language skills and learning.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        20 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                20. Teacher-directed teaching is beneficial: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. For learning to play football.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. For learning basic reading and mathematics.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. For learning social relations.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. For having contact with the teacher.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        21 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                21. Teacher-directed teaching means that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher shouts at the children when they do not study basic academics enough.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher uses drill-and-practice methods in teaching basic academics.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher does not use group work in teaching basic academics.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher punishes the children when they behave badly.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        22 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                22. Which of these allows writers to write content that is readable and understandable? 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Grammar.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Spelling.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Punctuation.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        23 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                23.    How can you help adult learners become fluent in reading?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. By putting them in competition with young readers.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. None of the options.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. By giving them reading tests.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. By providing them with reading materials relevant to their interests.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        24 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                24. Why do not adult learners spend all day learning, as children do?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Because they are forced to learn.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Because they have other obligations.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Because they are slow learners.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. None of the options.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        25 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                25. Why does teaching adult learners require special skills?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Because they are slow learners.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Because they are intelligent.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Because they are special.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Because their age makes them behave in a different manner.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        26 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                26. How should a teacher NOT help children with spelling difficulties?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Focus on self-correcting strategies.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Train students to check spelling after writing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Have students write words and mark the spelling errors with a red pen.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Train students to have phonological awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        27 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                27. The centre of motor images in the brain related to writing is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Eric’s area.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Exel’s area.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Exeter’s area.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Exner’s area.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        28 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                28. After the first school year, the best predictor of spelling skill in transparent languages is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Visuo-motor skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Letter-sound knowledge.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Phonological awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Reading skill development.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        29 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                29. ICT is integrated into reading instruction when:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher takes photos of learners.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher uses her/his cell phone in class.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher shows pictures of items learned about in different units, e.g., environmental education.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher records and plays back children’s reading efforts.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        30 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                30. Which of the following is NOT considered a benefit of ICT usage?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Children have positive learning experiences.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. It enhances learning by engaging the mind with a platform other than a book.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. ICT activities promote collaboration, as well as individual learning.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teachers are replaced by ICT technology.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        31 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                31. For very young children, the reading environment in the home is strongly linked to their emergent literacy skills before entering school. Which of these is NOT an important aspect of the home literacy environment:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Parents’ reading habits.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Presence of a radio in the home.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Number of books in the home.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Parents’ attitude toward reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        32 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                32. Screening instruments used in prevention programs for reading difficulties do NOT usually assess which of the following skills?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Phonological awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Rapid automatized naming.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Letter knowledge.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Fine motor skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        33 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                33. Which of the following is the most effective method for improving literacy in children and adolescents with reading difficulties?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Using auditory training.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Systematic instruction of letter–sound correspondences and decoding. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teaching whole and sight words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Use of coloured lenses.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        34 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                34. Based on research, which of the following is NOT true:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. It does not matter if a reading disability is not recognised/identified. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. A reading difficulty can be most successfully treated when identified early in development.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Learning to read, for children with a reading disability, is based on the same developmental steps as readers without a disability.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Learning to read, for children with a reading disability, is based on the same cognitive processes as readers without a disability.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        35 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                35. Which of the following is NOT included in Fletcher’s general principles of instruction for children with learning difficulties:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Focusing only on phonics in reading difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Incorporation of self-regulation strategies.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Instructional explicitness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Cumulative review.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        36 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                36. The main idea of a multi-tiered system of support in instruction is that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Children with different kinds of learning difficulties are separated into different teaching groups.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Many different approaches are used to support children who struggle in learning.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Interventions are layered as a continuum, for example, into three levels of intensiveness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Children with learning disabilities are taught in special classes.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        37 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                37. Spoken language skills:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Have only a very limited effect on learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Are not important in learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Are not necessary in learning to spell. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Form the foundation for learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        38 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                38. Based on genetic studies of dyslexia, we know that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. There is no single gene for reading disabilities.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. There is one gene that affects brain development and leads to a reading disability.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Because reading disabilities have a genetic background, it is not possible to influence children through teaching. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Reading disabilities do not run in families.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        39 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                39. In shallow and transparent orthographies:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Children learn to read best by remembering whole words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Children learn to read best using letter-sound correspondences. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher does not need to teach children to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The orthography is not important in teaching reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        40 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                40. The orthographic structure of a language is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. A set of conventions for the writing of the language.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Something that is not important in spelling and writing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The visual forms of the letters in the language.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The letter names in the language.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

            
            
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