Teacher Certification - eTALE Africa

Background
This Teacher Certification module was developed to give You feedback, how well You master the research-based content of Literacy learning, Literacy teaching and Reading difficulties. If you successfully complete the module, you will receive a Certificate of Completion that enhances Your professional development.
How to start?
Before you start to study eTALE Africa learning content, we highly recommend You do first a “pretest” by answering 40 random multiple-choice questions. Note that there is only one correct answer for each question (a, b, c or d). You will have one hour to complete the pretest. After answering to all 40 questions, you will receive immediate feedback how well You did.
How to do the test?
If You already are an expert in the content and receive at least 70% (28 out of 40 questions correct) in the pretest, you will automatically receive the Certificate to your email. You can save and print it as a demonstration of your knowledge in literacy learning and teaching and reading difficulties.
What if I do not get 70% in pretest?
If You don’t get 70% in the pretest, do not worry. The “pretest” is the starting point of eTALE Africa eLearning environment! When You have gone through and studied the content, you can do the “post-test” or “final examination”. You can do the test as many times as you like. But note the questions will not be the same or in same order.
When You have answered correctly least to 28 questions (that is 70% and above), the Certificate is send to Your email.
Parts of the eTALE Africa content may seem challenging and the test might not be an easy task! But remember, You can always read a little bit more and do the test again.
Ready? Let´s go!
If you want to do the pretest now, please continue below.

            
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                    Certification test
                    
                    Teacher certification test
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                        
                    
                    
                    
                
            

                    
                    User data for teacher certification test

                        NameEmailCountryOther country (fill in here)How many times have you tried this test?
                        
                            
                            
                        
                    
                  

                        
                        
                        1 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                1. The best literacy teaching method for beginning reading is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Phonics decoding (letter-sound correspondence).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. A whole language approach (with a focus on reading for meaning).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Look-and-say (whole word vocabulary identification).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Integrated language arts (reading, writing, and correct spelling).
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        2 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                2. Critical factor for reading mastery is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Reading motivation.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Practice time.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Phonological skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        3 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                3. The external factor that can be harmful to children’s learning to read is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Lessons that are age appropriate.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Expository texts that are too easy.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Inappropriate teaching methods.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Using children's mother tongue in teaching.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        4 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                4. The skill of identifying and producing rhyming words is useful for:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Identifying if a child’s hearing is hampering reading development.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Keeping learners busy and preventing disturbances in class.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Identifying child’s visual-perceptual difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Learning to sound out phonics in short words and identifying relevant words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        5 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                5. Twenty-first century learning skills do NOT include:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Communicating (including digital literacy), collaborating, and citizenship.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Creative thinking and problem solving.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Fine motor skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Critical thinking
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        6 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                6. A common manifestation of weak cognitive or mental flexibility in children is NOT:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Being upset by a change of plans.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Resistance to changes.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Talking or playing too loudly.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Getting stuck on one topic or activity.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        7 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                7. Development of voluntary attention:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Is not important in daily life. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Is based on the novelty and power of stimuli.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Is not important in learning at school.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Is based on the way an adult verbally guides a child.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        8 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                8. A child shows intrinsic motivation when:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Interested in earning a reward from an external source.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The child does what the teacher says she or he should do.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The child thinks “I will practice reading because I will get a good grade.”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The child thinks “I like to read because I want to know more about animals.”
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        9 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                9. Based on research, which of the following is NOT an important sub-skill of listening skills?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Comprehension monitoring.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Memory (working memory and long-term memory).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Knowledge such as background knowledge or world knowledge.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Fine motor skills.  
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        10 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                10. Which one of these is NOT a good strategy to reduce working memory load when a child has problems with working memory?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Try to combine new material with familiar material so that it is easy for children to remember.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Try to use short, simple sentences.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Use pictures or comics, which may help children remember multistep instructions.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Speak fast so that the child remembers.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        11 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                11. Many countries around the world are promoting multilingualism, even in places where multilingualism is absent from official educational policy, because multilingualism has been shown to have several advantages. These advantages do NOT include:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Enhanced communication skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Increased career opportunities.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Increased linguistic recognition.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Increased intelligence.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        12 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                12. Multilingualism:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Refers to state of knowing or using a mother language in written or spoken form by an individual or a community.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Is synonymous with bilingualism.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Is synonymous with monolingualism.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Refers to state of knowing or using more than one language in written or spoken form by an individual or a community.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        13 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                13. Monolingualism:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Refers to the state of knowing or being able to use only one language in speech or written form. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Is synonymous with bilingualism.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Is synonymous with multilingualism.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Refers to the state of knowing or being able to use only one language, at any given time, in speech or written form.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        14 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                14. Which of these is NOT a metalinguistic skill?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Phonological awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Morphological awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Orthographic knowledge.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Reading fluency.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        15 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                15.  Which of the following is NOT true of text comprehension?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. It allows readers to gain an understanding of what’s being read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. It allows readers to use the information gained from the text.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. It allows readers to enjoy what they are reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. It distorts the writers’ message.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        16 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                16. A pre-primary school teacher orally presents learners with pairs of words (e.g., buy/tie, see/saw) and has learners identify whether the words rhyme or not. Next, she says a list of one-syllable words and asks learners to point to a part of the body that rhymes with each word (e.g., the teacher says bed, and the learners point to their heads). These activities promote learners’ reading development primarily by:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Promoting their development of phonological awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Enriching their vocabulary.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Expanding their understanding of the alphabetic principle.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Improving their word decoding skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        17 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                17. Which of the following best describes the role of phonics in a research-based primary-school reading program in local languages?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Phonics is an instructional strategy that should be used primarily as an intervention for learners who are experiencing reading difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Phonics should be the central focus of reading instruction until learners have achieved automatic recognition of high-frequency sight-words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Phonics is a key component of comprehensive reading instruction that supports learners’ development of fluency and comprehension.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Phonics is a reading technique that should be taught implicitly to learners who demonstrate specific needs in the area of decoding skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        18 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                18. Instructional support means that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teachers support children’s behaviour.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Teachers get support for teaching.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teachers offer tips to colleagues on best practices.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teachers support children’s language skills and learning.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        19 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                19. Teacher-directed teaching is beneficial: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. For learning basic reading and mathematics.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. For learning to play football.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. For learning social relations.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. For having contact with the teacher.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        20 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                20. Child-centred teaching has a positive effect on:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Children’s eating habits. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Children’s hobbies.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Children’s learning outcomes.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Children’s sleep habits.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        21 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                21. A teacher needs to inspire and encourage learners to generate ideas for what they want to write by:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Demonstrating. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Motivating and provoking.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Responding to learners ideas.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        22 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                22. Which of the following statements about the importance of teaching productive writing is FALSE?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Learners learn to correct their writing mistakes and perfect their writing skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. b.	Learners can improve their writing ability by expressing their thoughts to other people.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Writing builds distance between the writer and reader.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Learners learn how to use the components of language and improve their language skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        23 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                23.  When can adult learners begin to learn to read phrases and sentences?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. After attending several reading classes.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. None of the options.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. After obtaining the skills to read words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. After registering in a literacy program.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        24 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                24. Phonics-based instruction:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Does not have a syllable level.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Is recommended, especially for non-transparent languages like English.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Is very useful for children with reading difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Includes five steps that are repeated.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        25 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                25. How should a teacher NOT help children with spelling difficulties?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Focus on self-correcting strategies.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Train students to check spelling after writing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Have students write words and mark the spelling errors with a red pen.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Train students to have phonological awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        26 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                26. Reading comprehension can be developed as follows:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Let children identify high frequency words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Encourage children to tell the class about an incident that happened to them.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Show children the title of the book, read the title, and ask the children to say what they think will happen in the story.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Focus on the spelling of new vocabulary words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        27 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                27.  Which of the following is NOT a psychological benefit of listening to stories?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Developing emotional wellbeing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Developing imagination.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Developing visual perceptual skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Gaining knowledge about new things and new words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        28 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                28.  Which of the following is NOT a good way to teach phonics?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Learners bring objects, say the beginning sound of each object, and identify the letter.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Tell a story that focuses on the phonic of the day, what it looks like, and how to write it.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teach the letter names and then the sounds they make in words. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Show a letter and tell the learners what it is; learners repeat it ten times in chorus.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        29 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                29. A benefit of using messaging apps (e.g.WhatsApp) in teaching is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Everybody has an access to it also with older mobile phones
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Curriculum requires teachers to use messaging apps in teaching.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Groups can be created to share relevant information.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        30 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                30. Which of the following is NOT considered a benefit of ICT usage?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Children have positive learning experiences.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. It enhances learning by engaging the mind with a platform other than a book.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. ICT activities promote collaboration, as well as individual learning.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teachers are replaced by ICT technology.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        31 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                31. In learning to read, it is important that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher knows the local languages of the pupils in the class.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher inspires children to read
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher uses proper teaching methods.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        32 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                32. To preventing reading difficulties:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. There is nothing a teacher can do.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Teachers should just encourage these children to concentrate on other school subjects.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teachers should carefully assess pre-reading skills like phonological skills and letter knowledge.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teachers should just accept that there are children who can’t learn to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        33 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                33. Which of the following is INCORRECT based on research? Fundamental principles for interventions for word-level reading difficulties include:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Reliance on explicit instruction on letter–sound connections. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The instructional-level of the reading material is not important in word-level reading instruction.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Intensive monitoring of the development of reading skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teaching phonics explicitly in the context of a multicomponent, integrated instructional program
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        34 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                34. Based on research, which of the following is NOT true:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. It does not matter if a reading disability is not recognised/identified. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Learning to read, for children with a reading disability, is based on the same cognitive processes as readers without a disability.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Learning to read, for children with a reading disability, is based on the same developmental steps as readers without a disability.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. A reading difficulty can be most successfully treated when identified early in development.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        35 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                35. Which of the following is NOT included in Fletcher’s general principles of instruction for children with learning difficulties:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Instructional explicitness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Focusing only on phonics in reading difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Incorporation of self-regulation strategies.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Cumulative review.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        36 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                36. Based on research, we know that the most effective intervention for reading difficulties is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Copying written words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Systematic phonics-based instruction.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teaching children to remember whole words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teaching children to repeat words the teacher reads aloud.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        37 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                37. Based on research, which of these statements is NOT true? 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. All poor readers have similar kinds of difficulties in reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Most poor readers have a combination of difficulties in different aspects of reading skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Some poor readers struggle to read fluently.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Some poor readers have problems in learning the new words accurately.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        38 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                38. In learning to read, it is most important that a child:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Learns to draw letter forms. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Remembers words as a whole.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Learns letter-sound correspondences. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Learns the letter names.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        39 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                39. Spoken language skills:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Are not important in learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Form the foundation for learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Have only a very limited effect on learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Are not necessary in learning to spell. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        40 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                40. The most prominent characteristic of reading disability (dyslexia) is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Struggles with word reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Poor text comprehension. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Problems in visual perception.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Attention problems.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

            
            
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