Teacher Certification - eTALE Africa

Background
This Teacher Certification module was developed to give You feedback, how well You master the research-based content of Literacy learning, Literacy teaching and Reading difficulties. If you successfully complete the module, you will receive a Certificate of Completion that enhances Your professional development.
How to start?
Before you start to study eTALE Africa learning content, we highly recommend You do first a “pretest” by answering 40 random multiple-choice questions. Note that there is only one correct answer for each question (a, b, c or d). You will have one hour to complete the pretest. After answering to all 40 questions, you will receive immediate feedback how well You did.
How to do the test?
If You already are an expert in the content and receive at least 70% (28 out of 40 questions correct) in the pretest, you will automatically receive the Certificate to your email. You can save and print it as a demonstration of your knowledge in literacy learning and teaching and reading difficulties.
What if I do not get 70% in pretest?
If You don’t get 70% in the pretest, do not worry. The “pretest” is the starting point of eTALE Africa eLearning environment! When You have gone through and studied the content, you can do the “post-test” or “final examination”. You can do the test as many times as you like. But note the questions will not be the same or in same order.
When You have answered correctly least to 28 questions (that is 70% and above), the Certificate is send to Your email.
Parts of the eTALE Africa content may seem challenging and the test might not be an easy task! But remember, You can always read a little bit more and do the test again.
Ready? Let´s go!
If you want to do the pretest now, please continue below.

            
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                    Certification test
                    
                    Teacher certification test
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                        
                    
                    
                    
                
            

                    
                    User data for teacher certification test

                        NameEmailCountryOther country (fill in here)How many times have you tried this test?
                        
                            
                            
                        
                    
                  

                        
                        
                        1 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                1. Which of the following is NOT one of the roles of an efficient reader?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Codebreaker (using phonics, context, and grammar cues).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Text user (applying reading skills for authentic purposes).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Text participant (making meaning, relating information).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Repeater (learning by heart)
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        2 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                2.  Why is letter knowledge important for literacy development?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. It helps to make decoding easier when children sound out the alphabet.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Upper- and lowercase letters may confuse learners and hamper reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. It is a strong predictor of reading comprehension.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. It is necessary to make sense of words through the recognition of letters and the sounds they make.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        3 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                3. To identify sounds of word helps learners to:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. See how well the teacher prepared the lesson.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Learn to sing the words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Get dyslexia.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Improve their spelling.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        4 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                4. The skill of identifying and producing rhyming words is useful for:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Identifying if a child’s hearing is hampering reading development.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Keeping learners busy and preventing disturbances in class.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Learning to sound out phonics in short words and identifying relevant words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Identifying child’s visual-perceptual difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        5 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                5.  Phonological awareness means:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Identifying the sounds, syllables, and words of the language.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The ability to spell and read words correctly.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Naming letters in alphabetical order.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The ability to count the number of words correctly.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        6 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                6.  Which of these does NOT make a child a good reader?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The ability to handle books and turn pages efficiently.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The ability to use letters and blend them into syllables and words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Practising reading every day.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The ability to retrieve needed knowledge and information quickly.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        7 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                7. In teaching motor and visuo-motor skills, it is  important to:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Use visual demonstrations with instructions whenever possible.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Keep practice sessions short but frequent.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Give praise, encouragement, and feedback.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        8 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                8. Which one is NOT true? Listening skills...

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Are  very important skills in learning new motor skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Are fundamental for the development of social and relational skills in the school context. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. And academic success or knowledge are closely connected since listening is an important skill children use to process and acquire information.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Play a key role in literacy success and the development of numerous other language skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        9 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                9. To become a good reader, it is important that a child:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Learns letter names.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Learn to recognize words as a whole.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Knows letters and corresponding letter-sounds and be able to blend them into syllables and words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Repeats the words the teacher reads.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        10 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                10. A delay in expressive vocabulary (late talking) at the age of 2–2.5 years predicts:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Early vocabulary is not associated with reading comprehension.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Predicts nothing important because some children just learn to talk later than others.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Reading fluency at school age.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Comprehension difficulties in reading at school age.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        11 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                11. Many countries around the world are promoting multilingualism, even in places where multilingualism is absent from official educational policy, because multilingualism has been shown to have several advantages. These advantages do NOT include:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Enhanced communication skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Increased intelligence.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Increased linguistic recognition.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Increased career opportunities.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        12 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                12. Multilingualism:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Refers to state of knowing or using a mother language in written or spoken form by an individual or a community.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Is synonymous with monolingualism.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Is synonymous with bilingualism.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Refers to state of knowing or using more than one language in written or spoken form by an individual or a community.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        13 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                13. A good way to teach morphological awareness is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. To teach how different parts of words can be separated.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. To teach children to spell words correctly.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. To ask the children to repeat text read by the teacher.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. To ask the children to write dictated words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        14 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                14. Which of the following is NOT a reading comprehension skill?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Decoding. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Attitude. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Fluency. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Reasoning. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        15 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                15. Which of the following best describes the primary purpose and function of a classroom reading assessment?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. To provide instructional plans for reading by determining individual learners' ongoing reading needs.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. To prepare learners for state standardised testing on reading by equipping them with a variety of test-taking strategies.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. To evaluate the effectiveness of reading instruction by comparing the reading levels of specific groups of learners.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. To monitor learners' academic achievement in reading by measuring their mastery of the reading standards set by SACMEQ.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        16 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                16. Instructional support means that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teachers support children’s behaviour.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Teachers support children’s language skills and learning.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teachers get support for teaching.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teachers offer tips to colleagues on best practices.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        17 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                17. Emotional support in teaching means that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher ignores crying children.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher teaches emotional skills to the children.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher is sensitive to students’ needs.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher tells children how to feel.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        18 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                18. Teaching through interaction means that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Children talk a lot in the classroom.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Children have fun in the classroom.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher talks a lot in the classroom.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teacher-child interaction supports learning.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        19 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                19. Teacher-directed teaching is beneficial: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. For having contact with the teacher.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. For learning social relations.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. For learning to play football.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. For learning basic reading and mathematics.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        20 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                20. Teacher-directed teaching means that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher does not use group work in teaching basic academics.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher uses drill-and-practice methods in teaching basic academics.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher shouts at the children when they do not study basic academics enough.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher punishes the children when they behave badly.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        21 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                21. A teacher needs to inspire and encourage learners to generate ideas for what they want to write by:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Motivating and provoking.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Responding to learners ideas.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Demonstrating. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        22 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                22.    How can you help adult learners become fluent in reading?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. By putting them in competition with young readers.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. None of the options.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. By providing them with reading materials relevant to their interests.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. By giving them reading tests.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        23 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                23. Why do not adult learners spend all day learning, as children do?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Because they have other obligations.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Because they are slow learners.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Because they are forced to learn.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. None of the options.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        24 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                24. When assessing reading in transparent languages: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Reading fluency is almost the same as reading accuracy.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Reading fluency is not connected to reading disabilities.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Reading fluency is not a relevant measure when assessing reading. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Reading fluency is very useful when defining reading disabilities.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        25 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                25. When beginning to teach a new phoneme, it is useful to tell a story because:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teachers like to tell stories.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Children like to hear nice stories.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Parents like to hear stories from school.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Children can associate familiar matters with the new phoneme.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        26 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                26. When supporting text composition:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Spelling exercises are not needed.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Different writing strategies are useful.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Making word lists is not an efficient way to proceed.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. It is recommended to start writing without any goal setting.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        27 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                27. How should a teacher NOT help children with spelling difficulties?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Train students to check spelling after writing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Have students write words and mark the spelling errors with a red pen.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Focus on self-correcting strategies.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Train students to have phonological awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        28 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                28. Developing good handwriting:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Requires many years of practice.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Is a fast process.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Is automatic and requires no special practice.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Requires little effort.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        29 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                29. When spelling in transparent languages (e.g., bantu languages):

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. You need to know how to separate syllables from words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. You need to know the letter-phoneme connections.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. You need to know how to separate phonemes from syllables.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        30 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                30.  Which of the following is NOT regarded as a literacy activity for young children?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Listening to stories and drawing pictures.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Singing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Telling the class about things they experienced.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Playing random action games on a cell phone or tablet.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        31 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                31. In learning to read, it is important that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher inspires children to read
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher uses proper teaching methods.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher knows the local languages of the pupils in the class.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        32 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                32. To preventing reading difficulties:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teachers should carefully assess pre-reading skills like phonological skills and letter knowledge.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Teachers should just accept that there are children who can’t learn to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. There is nothing a teacher can do.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teachers should just encourage these children to concentrate on other school subjects.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        33 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                33. For very young children, the reading environment in the home is strongly linked to their emergent literacy skills before entering school. Which of these is NOT an important aspect of the home literacy environment:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Presence of a radio in the home.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Parents’ reading habits.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Number of books in the home.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Parents’ attitude toward reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        34 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                34. We can say that a child has dyslexia or a reading disability when we are sure that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The child speaks the language used in reading instruction.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The child has no visual impairment.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The child has been in school and recieved adequate instruction in reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        35 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                35. Which of the following is INCORRECT based on research? Fundamental principles for interventions for word-level reading difficulties include:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Intensive monitoring of the development of reading skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The instructional-level of the reading material is not important in word-level reading instruction.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teaching phonics explicitly in the context of a multicomponent, integrated instructional program
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Reliance on explicit instruction on letter–sound connections. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        36 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                36. Which of the following is the most effective method for improving literacy in children and adolescents with reading difficulties?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teaching whole and sight words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Use of coloured lenses.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Using auditory training.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Systematic instruction of letter–sound correspondences and decoding. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        37 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                37. Effective interventions for students with learning difficulties typically: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Do engage in reading instructional-level materials.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Do not focus on academic skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Do not increase instructional time, intensity, or differentiation.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Do not continually monitor progress and adjust instruction or change programmes.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        38 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                38. In learning to read, it is most important that a child:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Remembers words as a whole.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Learns to draw letter forms. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Learns letter-sound correspondences. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Learns the letter names.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        39 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                39. Based on neuroimaging studies:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. We don’t know which parts of the brain are activated during reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. There is only one reading centre in the brain.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The whole brain is activated when we read. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The reading system in the brain is different in beginner readers and fluent readers.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        40 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                40. Based on genetic studies of dyslexia, we know that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Because reading disabilities have a genetic background, it is not possible to influence children through teaching. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. There is no single gene for reading disabilities.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Reading disabilities do not run in families.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. There is one gene that affects brain development and leads to a reading disability.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

            
            
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