Teacher Certification - eTALE Africa

Background
This Teacher Certification module was developed to give You feedback, how well You master the research-based content of Literacy learning, Literacy teaching and Reading difficulties. If you successfully complete the module, you will receive a Certificate of Completion that enhances Your professional development.
How to start?
Before you start to study eTALE Africa learning content, we highly recommend You do first a “pretest” by answering 40 random multiple-choice questions. Note that there is only one correct answer for each question (a, b, c or d). You will have one hour to complete the pretest. After answering to all 40 questions, you will receive immediate feedback how well You did.
How to do the test?
If You already are an expert in the content and receive at least 70% (28 out of 40 questions correct) in the pretest, you will automatically receive the Certificate to your email. You can save and print it as a demonstration of your knowledge in literacy learning and teaching and reading difficulties.
What if I do not get 70% in pretest?
If You don’t get 70% in the pretest, do not worry. The “pretest” is the starting point of eTALE Africa eLearning environment! When You have gone through and studied the content, you can do the “post-test” or “final examination”. You can do the test as many times as you like. But note the questions will not be the same or in same order.
When You have answered correctly least to 28 questions (that is 70% and above), the Certificate is send to Your email.
Parts of the eTALE Africa content may seem challenging and the test might not be an easy task! But remember, You can always read a little bit more and do the test again.
Ready? Let´s go!
If you want to do the pretest now, please continue below.

            
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                    Certification test
                    
                    Teacher certification test
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                        
                    
                    
                    
                
            

                    
                    User data for teacher certification test

                        NameEmailCountryOther country (fill in here)How many times have you tried this test?
                        
                            
                            
                        
                    
                  

                        
                        
                        1 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                1. Critical factor for reading mastery is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Phonological skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Reading motivation.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Practice time.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        2 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                2. What would be a good starting point for teaching letter sounds? 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. First teach letter sounds that occur frequently in simple words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Lower- and uppercase letter teaching depends on the counontry’s preferences.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teach short vowels before long vowels.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teach letter names and the sounds they make in words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        3 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                3.  A transparent language has the following characteristics:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The language is easy to master as a second language.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The words are clearly pronounced.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The language does not have a complex grammar structure.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The phonemes/letter names and sounds of the language are consistent and do not change with the addition of other letters.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        4 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                4.  Phonological awareness means:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The ability to spell and read words correctly.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The ability to count the number of words correctly.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Identifying the sounds, syllables, and words of the language.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Naming letters in alphabetical order.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        5 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                5. Twenty-first century learning skills do NOT include:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Communicating (including digital literacy), collaborating, and citizenship.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Fine motor skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Critical thinking
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Creative thinking and problem solving.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        6 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                6. You can get a child to pay attention:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. By incorporating movement and physical activity into your lessons.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. By being clear in your expectations.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. By teaching at the appropriate difficulty level.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        7 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                7. A child shows intrinsic motivation when:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The child thinks “I will practice reading because I will get a good grade.”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The child does what the teacher says she or he should do.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The child thinks “I like to read because I want to know more about animals.”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Interested in earning a reward from an external source.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        8 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                8. In teaching motor and visuo-motor skills, it is  important to:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Use visual demonstrations with instructions whenever possible.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Keep practice sessions short but frequent.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Give praise, encouragement, and feedback.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        9 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                9. Rapid naming means:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The ability to fluently find the names of familiar items.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. A child is very rapid in answering teachers’ questions.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. How fluently and quickly a child speaks.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The rapid repeating of known words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        10 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                10. A delay in expressive vocabulary (late talking) at the age of 2–2.5 years predicts:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Reading fluency at school age.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Early vocabulary is not associated with reading comprehension.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Comprehension difficulties in reading at school age.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Predicts nothing important because some children just learn to talk later than others.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        11 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                11. Monolingualism:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Refers to the state of knowing or being able to use only one language in speech or written form. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Is synonymous with multilingualism.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Refers to the state of knowing or being able to use only one language, at any given time, in speech or written form.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Is synonymous with bilingualism.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        12 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                12. Which of the following activities would be most appropriate for introducing pre-primary learners (5-6 year old children) to the alphabetic principle?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Posting learners’ names on a wall and having learners whose names contain a certain letter come to the front of the room.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Reciting a list of learners’ names and having learners raise their hands when they hear a name that begins with a specific sound.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Writing a learner’s name on the board and having learners sound out the name by blending the letters.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Saying a learner’s name and having learners clap the number of syllables they hear in the name.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        13 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                13. A pre-primary school teacher orally presents learners with pairs of words (e.g., buy/tie, see/saw) and has learners identify whether the words rhyme or not. Next, she says a list of one-syllable words and asks learners to point to a part of the body that rhymes with each word (e.g., the teacher says bed, and the learners point to their heads). These activities promote learners’ reading development primarily by:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Improving their word decoding skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Promoting their development of phonological awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Expanding their understanding of the alphabetic principle.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Enriching their vocabulary.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        14 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                14. Which of the following best describes the role of phonics in a research-based primary-school reading program in local languages?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Phonics is a reading technique that should be taught implicitly to learners who demonstrate specific needs in the area of decoding skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Phonics is a key component of comprehensive reading instruction that supports learners’ development of fluency and comprehension.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Phonics should be the central focus of reading instruction until learners have achieved automatic recognition of high-frequency sight-words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Phonics is an instructional strategy that should be used primarily as an intervention for learners who are experiencing reading difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        15 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                15. Emotional support in teaching means that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher ignores crying children.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher is sensitive to students’ needs.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher tells children how to feel.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher teaches emotional skills to the children.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        16 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                16. Child-centred teaching has a positive effect on:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Children’s eating habits. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Children’s hobbies.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Children’s sleep habits.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Children’s learning outcomes.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        17 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                17. Child-centred teaching means that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The child sits between the teacher’s arms while learning.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher puts the child in the middle of the classroom.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher is sensitive to the child’s needs in learning.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The child decides what she/he would like to learn.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        18 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                18. Which of these allows writers to write content that is readable and understandable? 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Spelling.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Punctuation.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Grammar.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        19 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                19. Choose the correct process for teaching productive writing:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Reviewing, drafting, planning, publishing, reviewing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Planning, drafting, reviewing, revising, publishing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Drafting, planning, revising, reviewing, publishing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Publishing, revising, reviewing, drafting, planning.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        20 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                20.  When can adult learners begin to learn to read phrases and sentences?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. After attending several reading classes.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. After obtaining the skills to read words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. None of the options.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. After registering in a literacy program.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        21 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                21. Who chooses the appropriate learning time for adult learners?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The learners together with their teachers.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The Ministry of Education.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teachers.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The learners themselves.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        22 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                22. When assessing reading in transparent languages: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Reading fluency is not a relevant measure when assessing reading. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Reading fluency is not connected to reading disabilities.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Reading fluency is almost the same as reading accuracy.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Reading fluency is very useful when defining reading disabilities.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        23 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                23. When assessing reading and spelling: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The assessment should include only word reading lists made by the teacher.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The assessment should include a rapid spelling test.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The assessment should include letter knowledge and phoneme awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The assessment should include only real words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        24 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                24. When beginning to teach a new phoneme, it is useful to tell a story because:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Parents like to hear stories from school.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Children can associate familiar matters with the new phoneme.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Children like to hear nice stories.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teachers like to tell stories.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        25 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                25. Phonics-based instruction:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Is recommended, especially for non-transparent languages like English.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Does not have a syllable level.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Is very useful for children with reading difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Includes five steps that are repeated.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        26 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                26. How should a teacher NOT help children with spelling difficulties?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Focus on self-correcting strategies.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Train students to have phonological awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Train students to check spelling after writing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Have students write words and mark the spelling errors with a red pen.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        27 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                27. Developing good handwriting:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Requires many years of practice.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Is a fast process.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Requires little effort.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Is automatic and requires no special practice.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        28 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                28. The centre of motor images in the brain related to writing is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Exner’s area.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Eric’s area.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Exel’s area.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Exeter’s area.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        29 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                29. Reading comprehension can be developed as follows:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Show children the title of the book, read the title, and ask the children to say what they think will happen in the story.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Focus on the spelling of new vocabulary words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Encourage children to tell the class about an incident that happened to them.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Let children identify high frequency words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        30 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                30. Which of the following is NOT considered a benefit of ICT usage?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teachers are replaced by ICT technology.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Children have positive learning experiences.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. It enhances learning by engaging the mind with a platform other than a book.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. ICT activities promote collaboration, as well as individual learning.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        31 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                31. Part-time special education in grades one and two:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Predicts faster skill development in children with reading and spelling difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Is not a reasonable way to use limited teaching resources.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Does not help children with reading difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Is not needed because some children may just have a delay in their learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        32 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                32. We can say that a child has dyslexia or a reading disability when we are sure that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The child has no visual impairment.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The child speaks the language used in reading instruction.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The child has been in school and recieved adequate instruction in reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        33 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                33. Which of the following is INCORRECT based on research? Fundamental principles for interventions for word-level reading difficulties include:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teaching phonics explicitly in the context of a multicomponent, integrated instructional program
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The instructional-level of the reading material is not important in word-level reading instruction.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Reliance on explicit instruction on letter–sound connections. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Intensive monitoring of the development of reading skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        34 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                34. Based on research, which of these statements is INCORRECT. Intensity of reading instruction and intervention can be increased by:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Increasing the extent of the intervention (number of hours).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Allowing the child to practice independently most of the time.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Providing explicit instruction. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Decreasing group size (whole-class, small group, one-to-one).
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        35 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                35.  Based on research, which of these statements is INCORRECT concerning effective instruction for children with reading difficulties: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher provides clear modelling, demonstrations, and explanations.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher adapts instructions according to a child’s skill level. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teaching is guided with independent practice and constructive feedback.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher lets children learn to read independently.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        36 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                36. Screening instruments used in prevention programs for reading difficulties do NOT usually assess which of the following skills?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Phonological awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Fine motor skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Letter knowledge.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Rapid automatized naming.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        37 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                37. Based on research, which of the following is NOT true:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. It does not matter if a reading disability is not recognised/identified. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. A reading difficulty can be most successfully treated when identified early in development.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Learning to read, for children with a reading disability, is based on the same developmental steps as readers without a disability.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Learning to read, for children with a reading disability, is based on the same cognitive processes as readers without a disability.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        38 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                38. Based on research, which of these statements is NOT true? 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Some poor readers have problems in learning the new words accurately.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Most poor readers have a combination of difficulties in different aspects of reading skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. All poor readers have similar kinds of difficulties in reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Some poor readers struggle to read fluently.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        39 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                39. A precise estimate of the prevalence of dyslexia in any population is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. 1%
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. 4–6%
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. 30–50%
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. 0.5%
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        40 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                40. Spoken language skills:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Are not important in learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Are not necessary in learning to spell. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Form the foundation for learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Have only a very limited effect on learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

            
            
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