Teacher Certification

Background
This Teacher Certification module was developed to give You feedback, how well You master the research-based content of Literacy learning, Literacy teaching and Reading difficulties. If you successfully complete the module, you will receive a Certificate of Completion that enhances Your professional development.
How to start?
Before you start to study eTALE Africa learning content, we highly recommend You do first a “pretest” by answering 40 random multiple-choice questions. Note that there is only one correct answer for each question (a, b, c or d). You will have one hour to complete the pretest. After answering to all 40 questions, you will receive immediate feedback how well You did.
How to do the test?
If You already are an expert in the content and receive at least 70% (28 out of 40 questions correct) in the pretest, you will automatically receive the Certificate to your email. You can save and print it as a demonstration of your knowledge in literacy learning and teaching and reading difficulties.
What if I do not get 70% in pretest?
If You don’t get 70% in the pretest, do not worry. The “pretest” is the starting point of eTALE Africa eLearning environment! When You have gone through and studied the content, you can do the “post-test” or “final examination”. You can do the test as many times as you like. But note the questions will not be the same or in same order.
When You have answered correctly least to 28 questions (that is 70% and above), the Certificate is send to Your email.
Parts of the eTALE Africa content may seem challenging and the test might not be an easy task! But remember, You can always read a little bit more and do the test again.
Ready? Let´s go!
If you want to do the pretest now, please continue below.

            
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                    Certification test
                    
                    Teacher certification test
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                        
                    
                    
                    
                
            

                    
                    User data for teacher certification test

                        NameEmailCountryOther country (fill in here)How many times have you tried this test?
                        
                            
                            
                        
                    
                  

                        
                        
                        1 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                1. Which of the following is NOT one of the roles of an efficient reader?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Codebreaker (using phonics, context, and grammar cues).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Repeater (learning by heart)
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Text participant (making meaning, relating information).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Text user (applying reading skills for authentic purposes).
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        2 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                2. The external factor that can be harmful to children’s learning to read is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Lessons that are age appropriate.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Expository texts that are too easy.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Using children's mother tongue in teaching.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Inappropriate teaching methods.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        3 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                3.  A transparent language has the following characteristics:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The language does not have a complex grammar structure.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The words are clearly pronounced.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The phonemes/letter names and sounds of the language are consistent and do not change with the addition of other letters.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The language is easy to master as a second language.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        4 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                4. To identify sounds of word helps learners to:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Improve their spelling.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Learn to sing the words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Get dyslexia.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. See how well the teacher prepared the lesson.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        5 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                5.  Phonological awareness means:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The ability to spell and read words correctly.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Naming letters in alphabetical order.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The ability to count the number of words correctly.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Identifying the sounds, syllables, and words of the language.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        6 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                6.  Which of these does NOT make a child a good reader?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The ability to handle books and turn pages efficiently.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The ability to use letters and blend them into syllables and words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Practising reading every day.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The ability to retrieve needed knowledge and information quickly.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        7 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                7. Which of these is NOT part of the executive functions of the brain?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Working memory.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Auditive perception.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Inhibitory control.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Cognitive or mental flexibility.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        8 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                8. A child shows intrinsic motivation when:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The child thinks “I like to read because I want to know more about animals.”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The child thinks “I will practice reading because I will get a good grade.”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The child does what the teacher says she or he should do.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Interested in earning a reward from an external source.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        9 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                9. Based on research, which of the following is NOT an important sub-skill of listening skills?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Memory (working memory and long-term memory).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Knowledge such as background knowledge or world knowledge.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Fine motor skills.  
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Comprehension monitoring.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        10 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                10. Which one of these is NOT related to rapid naming problems?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. A child reads fluently, but makes many errors in reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. A child learns to read accurately, but the reading is slow and laborious.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. A child uses “empty words” or very general words like “that thing.”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Learning the letters is laborious even when phonological skills are intact.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        11 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                11. Multiliteracy pedagogy stresses the need for language and literacy education to take into account:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Drama and play pedagogy.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Writing and reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Listening.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        12 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                12. Many countries around the world are promoting multilingualism, even in places where multilingualism is absent from official educational policy, because multilingualism has been shown to have several advantages. These advantages do NOT include:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Increased career opportunities.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Enhanced communication skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Increased intelligence.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Increased linguistic recognition.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        13 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                13. Which of the following is NOT a level at which phonological awareness is taught?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Word level.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Phoneme level.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Syllable level.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Bi-syllable level.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        14 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                14. Organisational support in teaching means:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Children behave badly.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Children organise their school work.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teachers handle school organisation.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Good management in teaching.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        15 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                15. Teaching through interaction means that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Children talk a lot in the classroom.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Children have fun in the classroom.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher talks a lot in the classroom.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teacher-child interaction supports learning.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        16 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                16. Teacher-directed teaching is beneficial: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. For learning to play football.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. For learning social relations.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. For learning basic reading and mathematics.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. For having contact with the teacher.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        17 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                17. Teacher-directed teaching means that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher uses drill-and-practice methods in teaching basic academics.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher punishes the children when they behave badly.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher shouts at the children when they do not study basic academics enough.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher does not use group work in teaching basic academics.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        18 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                18. Child-centred teaching has a positive effect on:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Children’s learning outcomes.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Children’s sleep habits.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Children’s eating habits. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Children’s hobbies.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        19 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                19. A teacher needs to inspire and encourage learners to generate ideas for what they want to write by:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Motivating and provoking.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Demonstrating. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Responding to learners ideas.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        20 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                20. Which of these allows writers to write content that is readable and understandable? 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Spelling.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Grammar.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Punctuation.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        21 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                21.    How can you help adult learners become fluent in reading?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. By providing them with reading materials relevant to their interests.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. By putting them in competition with young readers.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. By giving them reading tests.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. None of the options.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        22 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                22. Why do not adult learners spend all day learning, as children do?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Because they are forced to learn.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Because they have other obligations.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. None of the options.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Because they are slow learners.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        23 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                23. Who chooses the appropriate learning time for adult learners?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The learners together with their teachers.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The Ministry of Education.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teachers.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The learners themselves.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        24 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                24. Why does teaching adult learners require special skills?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Because their age makes them behave in a different manner.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Because they are special.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Because they are slow learners.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Because they are intelligent.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        25 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                25. When assessing reading in transparent languages: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Reading fluency is very useful when defining reading disabilities.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Reading fluency is not a relevant measure when assessing reading. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Reading fluency is almost the same as reading accuracy.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Reading fluency is not connected to reading disabilities.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        26 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                26. When beginning to teach a new phoneme, it is useful to tell a story because:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Children like to hear nice stories.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Children can associate familiar matters with the new phoneme.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teachers like to tell stories.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Parents like to hear stories from school.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        27 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                27. Phonics-based instruction:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Is very useful for children with reading difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Includes five steps that are repeated.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Is recommended, especially for non-transparent languages like English.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Does not have a syllable level.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        28 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                28.  Which of the following is NOT a psychological benefit of listening to stories?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Developing imagination.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Developing visual perceptual skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Developing emotional wellbeing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Gaining knowledge about new things and new words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        29 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                29. ICT is integrated into reading instruction when:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher takes photos of learners.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher records and plays back children’s reading efforts.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher uses her/his cell phone in class.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher shows pictures of items learned about in different units, e.g., environmental education.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        30 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                30. Apps for reading development

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Require that the child be a skilled reader.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Provide stories in English only.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Do not encourage children to read. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Provide reading materials for different reading skill levels.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        31 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                31. To preventing reading difficulties:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teachers should carefully assess pre-reading skills like phonological skills and letter knowledge.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. There is nothing a teacher can do.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teachers should just accept that there are children who can’t learn to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teachers should just encourage these children to concentrate on other school subjects.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        32 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                32. For very young children, the reading environment in the home is strongly linked to their emergent literacy skills before entering school. Which of these is NOT an important aspect of the home literacy environment:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Presence of a radio in the home.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Parents’ reading habits.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Number of books in the home.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Parents’ attitude toward reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        33 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                33. A reading disorder is a developmental disorder that is characterised by reading achievement (i.e., accuracy, speed, and comprehension) being significantly below standards expected for which of the following:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Schooling experience.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Chronological age.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Level of cognitive skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        34 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                34.  Which of the following modalities is the most beneficial in learning to read:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Hearing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Using multiple senses (multisensory approach).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Seeing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Touching.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        35 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                35.  Based on research, which of these statements is INCORRECT concerning effective instruction for children with reading difficulties: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teaching is guided with independent practice and constructive feedback.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher lets children learn to read independently.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher provides clear modelling, demonstrations, and explanations.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher adapts instructions according to a child’s skill level. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        36 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                36. Which of the following is the most effective method for improving literacy in children and adolescents with reading difficulties?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Systematic instruction of letter–sound correspondences and decoding. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Use of coloured lenses.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teaching whole and sight words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Using auditory training.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        37 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                37. Which of the following is NOT included in Fletcher’s general principles of instruction for children with learning difficulties:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Cumulative review.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Focusing only on phonics in reading difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Incorporation of self-regulation strategies.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Instructional explicitness.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        38 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                38. The main idea of a multi-tiered system of support in instruction is that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Children with learning disabilities are taught in special classes.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Many different approaches are used to support children who struggle in learning.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Children with different kinds of learning difficulties are separated into different teaching groups.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Interventions are layered as a continuum, for example, into three levels of intensiveness.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        39 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                39. Spoken language skills:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Are not important in learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Have only a very limited effect on learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Form the foundation for learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Are not necessary in learning to spell. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        40 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                40. Based on neuroimaging studies:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. We don’t know which parts of the brain are activated during reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. There is only one reading centre in the brain.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The reading system in the brain is different in beginner readers and fluent readers.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The whole brain is activated when we read. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

            
            
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