Teacher Certification

Background
This Teacher Certification module was developed to give You feedback, how well You master the research-based content of Literacy learning, Literacy teaching and Reading difficulties. If you successfully complete the module, you will receive a Certificate of Completion that enhances Your professional development.
How to start?
Before you start to study eTALE Africa learning content, we highly recommend You do first a “pretest” by answering 40 random multiple-choice questions. Note that there is only one correct answer for each question (a, b, c or d). You will have one hour to complete the pretest. After answering to all 40 questions, you will receive immediate feedback how well You did.
How to do the test?
If You already are an expert in the content and receive at least 70% (28 out of 40 questions correct) in the pretest, you will automatically receive the Certificate to your email. You can save and print it as a demonstration of your knowledge in literacy learning and teaching and reading difficulties.
What if I do not get 70% in pretest?
If You don’t get 70% in the pretest, do not worry. The “pretest” is the starting point of eTALE Africa eLearning environment! When You have gone through and studied the content, you can do the “post-test” or “final examination”. You can do the test as many times as you like. But note the questions will not be the same or in same order.
When You have answered correctly least to 28 questions (that is 70% and above), the Certificate is send to Your email.
Parts of the eTALE Africa content may seem challenging and the test might not be an easy task! But remember, You can always read a little bit more and do the test again.
Ready? Let´s go!
If you want to do the pretest now, please continue below.

            
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                    Certification test
                    
                    Teacher certification test
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                        
                    
                    
                    
                
            

                    
                    User data for teacher certification test

                        NameEmailCountryOther country (fill in here)How many times have you tried this test?
                        
                            
                            
                        
                    
                  

                        
                        
                        1 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                1. The best literacy teaching method for beginning reading is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Integrated language arts (reading, writing, and correct spelling).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Look-and-say (whole word vocabulary identification).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. A whole language approach (with a focus on reading for meaning).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Phonics decoding (letter-sound correspondence).
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        2 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                2.  A transparent language has the following characteristics:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The language is easy to master as a second language.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The language does not have a complex grammar structure.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The phonemes/letter names and sounds of the language are consistent and do not change with the addition of other letters.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The words are clearly pronounced.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        3 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                3.  Why is letter knowledge important for literacy development?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. It helps to make decoding easier when children sound out the alphabet.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. It is a strong predictor of reading comprehension.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. It is necessary to make sense of words through the recognition of letters and the sounds they make.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Upper- and lowercase letters may confuse learners and hamper reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        4 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                4. Which of these is an important learning skill?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Cognitive and metacognitive study skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Repetition- or rehearsal-based study skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Procedural or organisational study skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        5 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                5. A common manifestation of weak cognitive or mental flexibility in children is NOT:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Talking or playing too loudly.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Being upset by a change of plans.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Getting stuck on one topic or activity.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Resistance to changes.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        6 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                6. Fine motor skills are NOT that important in:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Speaking.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Hopping/jumping.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Drawing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Writing.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        7 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                7. Based on research, which of the following is NOT an important sub-skill of listening skills?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Comprehension monitoring.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Memory (working memory and long-term memory).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Knowledge such as background knowledge or world knowledge.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Fine motor skills.  
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        8 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                8. Which one is NOT true? Listening skills...

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. And academic success or knowledge are closely connected since listening is an important skill children use to process and acquire information.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Are fundamental for the development of social and relational skills in the school context. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Are  very important skills in learning new motor skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Play a key role in literacy success and the development of numerous other language skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        9 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                9. Children do NOT need working memory when:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Trying to remember spoken directions to a specific location.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. When remembering specific numbers and how they should be manipulated in different arithmetic and calculation tasks.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Immediately repeating a number series, such as  3-6-2, after the teacher.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Remembering a password or telephone number.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        10 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                10. Which one of these is NOT related to rapid naming problems?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. A child uses “empty words” or very general words like “that thing.”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Learning the letters is laborious even when phonological skills are intact.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. A child reads fluently, but makes many errors in reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. A child learns to read accurately, but the reading is slow and laborious.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        11 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                11. Which of the following is NOT a dimension of multilingual pedagogy?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Transformed practise.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Overt instruction.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Situated practise.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Critical instruction.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        12 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                12. Multiliteracy pedagogy stresses the need for language and literacy education to take into account:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Listening.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Writing and reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Drama and play pedagogy.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        13 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                13. Many countries around the world are promoting multilingualism, even in places where multilingualism is absent from official educational policy, because multilingualism has been shown to have several advantages. These advantages do NOT include:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Increased intelligence.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Increased linguistic recognition.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Increased career opportunities.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Enhanced communication skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        14 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                14. Metalinguistic awareness and development begins:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. In middle childhood.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. In adulthood.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. At birth.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. In adolescence.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        15 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                15. A good way to teach morphological awareness is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. To ask the children to repeat text read by the teacher.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. To ask the children to write dictated words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. To teach how different parts of words can be separated.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. To teach children to spell words correctly.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        16 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                16.  Which of the following is NOT true of text comprehension?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. It distorts the writers’ message.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. It allows readers to use the information gained from the text.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. It allows readers to enjoy what they are reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. It allows readers to gain an understanding of what’s being read.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        17 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                17. Which of the following best describes the role of phonics in a research-based primary-school reading program in local languages?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Phonics is an instructional strategy that should be used primarily as an intervention for learners who are experiencing reading difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Phonics should be the central focus of reading instruction until learners have achieved automatic recognition of high-frequency sight-words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Phonics is a reading technique that should be taught implicitly to learners who demonstrate specific needs in the area of decoding skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Phonics is a key component of comprehensive reading instruction that supports learners’ development of fluency and comprehension.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        18 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                18. Which of the following best describes the primary purpose and function of a classroom reading assessment?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. To prepare learners for state standardised testing on reading by equipping them with a variety of test-taking strategies.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. To evaluate the effectiveness of reading instruction by comparing the reading levels of specific groups of learners.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. To monitor learners' academic achievement in reading by measuring their mastery of the reading standards set by SACMEQ.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. To provide instructional plans for reading by determining individual learners' ongoing reading needs.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        19 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                19. Teacher-directed teaching is beneficial: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. For learning basic reading and mathematics.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. For learning to play football.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. For learning social relations.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. For having contact with the teacher.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        20 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                20. Teacher-directed teaching means that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher does not use group work in teaching basic academics.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher shouts at the children when they do not study basic academics enough.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher uses drill-and-practice methods in teaching basic academics.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher punishes the children when they behave badly.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        21 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                21. Choose the correct process for teaching productive writing:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Publishing, revising, reviewing, drafting, planning.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Reviewing, drafting, planning, publishing, reviewing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Drafting, planning, revising, reviewing, publishing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Planning, drafting, reviewing, revising, publishing.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        22 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                22. Which of the following statements about the importance of teaching productive writing is FALSE?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Learners learn to correct their writing mistakes and perfect their writing skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Writing builds distance between the writer and reader.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Learners learn how to use the components of language and improve their language skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. b.	Learners can improve their writing ability by expressing their thoughts to other people.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        23 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                23. Who chooses the appropriate learning time for adult learners?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The learners themselves.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The Ministry of Education.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teachers.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The learners together with their teachers.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        24 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                24.  How can you manage adult learners during literacy learning sessions?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. By giving them difficult questions for discussion.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Through corporal punishment.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. By integrating emotion into lessons.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. By giving them many tasks to accomplish.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        25 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                25. When assessing reading and spelling: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The assessment should include a rapid spelling test.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The assessment should include letter knowledge and phoneme awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The assessment should include only real words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The assessment should include only word reading lists made by the teacher.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        26 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                26. When supporting text composition:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Making word lists is not an efficient way to proceed.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Different writing strategies are useful.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Spelling exercises are not needed.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. It is recommended to start writing without any goal setting.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        27 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                27. Reading comprehension can be developed as follows:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Focus on the spelling of new vocabulary words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Show children the title of the book, read the title, and ask the children to say what they think will happen in the story.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Encourage children to tell the class about an incident that happened to them.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Let children identify high frequency words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        28 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                28.  Which of the following is NOT a good way to teach phonics?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teach the letter names and then the sounds they make in words. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Show a letter and tell the learners what it is; learners repeat it ten times in chorus.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Learners bring objects, say the beginning sound of each object, and identify the letter.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Tell a story that focuses on the phonic of the day, what it looks like, and how to write it.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        29 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                29. Which of the following is not beneficial for listening to stories?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Acquisition of literacy skills, such as speaking.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Listening and concentration enhancement.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Increased vocabulary range.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Playing any mobile games. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        30 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                30. A benefit of using messaging apps (e.g.WhatsApp) in teaching is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Groups can be created to share relevant information.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Everybody has an access to it also with older mobile phones
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Curriculum requires teachers to use messaging apps in teaching.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        31 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                31. In learning to read, it is important that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher inspires children to read
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher uses proper teaching methods.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher knows the local languages of the pupils in the class.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        32 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                32. To preventing reading difficulties:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teachers should just encourage these children to concentrate on other school subjects.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. There is nothing a teacher can do.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teachers should just accept that there are children who can’t learn to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teachers should carefully assess pre-reading skills like phonological skills and letter knowledge.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        33 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                33. Part-time special education in grades one and two:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Does not help children with reading difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Is not a reasonable way to use limited teaching resources.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Is not needed because some children may just have a delay in their learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Predicts faster skill development in children with reading and spelling difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        34 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                34. A reading disorder is a developmental disorder that is characterised by reading achievement (i.e., accuracy, speed, and comprehension) being significantly below standards expected for which of the following:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Chronological age.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Level of cognitive skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Schooling experience.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        35 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                35.  Which of the following modalities is the most beneficial in learning to read:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Seeing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Touching.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Hearing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Using multiple senses (multisensory approach).
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        36 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                36. Based on research, which of these statements is INCORRECT. Intensity of reading instruction and intervention can be increased by:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Providing explicit instruction. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Allowing the child to practice independently most of the time.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Increasing the extent of the intervention (number of hours).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Decreasing group size (whole-class, small group, one-to-one).
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        37 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                37. Which of the following is the most effective method for improving literacy in children and adolescents with reading difficulties?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Systematic instruction of letter–sound correspondences and decoding. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Use of coloured lenses.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Using auditory training.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teaching whole and sight words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        38 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                38. Effective interventions for students with learning difficulties typically: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Do not focus on academic skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Do not continually monitor progress and adjust instruction or change programmes.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Do engage in reading instructional-level materials.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Do not increase instructional time, intensity, or differentiation.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        39 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                39. A precise estimate of the prevalence of dyslexia in any population is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. 0.5%
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. 4–6%
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. 1%
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. 30–50%
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        40 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                40. In shallow and transparent orthographies:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The orthography is not important in teaching reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Children learn to read best by remembering whole words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Children learn to read best using letter-sound correspondences. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher does not need to teach children to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

            
            
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