Teacher Certification

Background
This Teacher Certification module was developed to give You feedback, how well You master the research-based content of Literacy learning, Literacy teaching and Reading difficulties. If you successfully complete the module, you will receive a Certificate of Completion that enhances Your professional development.
How to start?
Before you start to study eTALE Africa learning content, we highly recommend You do first a “pretest” by answering 40 random multiple-choice questions. Note that there is only one correct answer for each question (a, b, c or d). You will have one hour to complete the pretest. After answering to all 40 questions, you will receive immediate feedback how well You did.
How to do the test?
If You already are an expert in the content and receive at least 70% (28 out of 40 questions correct) in the pretest, you will automatically receive the Certificate to your email. You can save and print it as a demonstration of your knowledge in literacy learning and teaching and reading difficulties.
What if I do not get 70% in pretest?
If You don’t get 70% in the pretest, do not worry. The “pretest” is the starting point of eTALE Africa eLearning environment! When You have gone through and studied the content, you can do the “post-test” or “final examination”. You can do the test as many times as you like. But note the questions will not be the same or in same order.
When You have answered correctly least to 28 questions (that is 70% and above), the Certificate is send to Your email.
Parts of the eTALE Africa content may seem challenging and the test might not be an easy task! But remember, You can always read a little bit more and do the test again.
Ready? Let´s go!
If you want to do the pretest now, please continue below.

            
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                    Certification test
                    
                    Teacher certification test
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                        
                    
                    
                    
                
            

                    
                    User data for teacher certification test

                        NameEmailCountryOther country (fill in here)How many times have you tried this test?
                        
                            
                            
                        
                    
                  

                        
                        
                        1 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                1. Which of the following is NOT one of the roles of an efficient reader?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Text user (applying reading skills for authentic purposes).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Repeater (learning by heart)
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Codebreaker (using phonics, context, and grammar cues).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Text participant (making meaning, relating information).
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        2 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                2. The best literacy teaching method for beginning reading is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Phonics decoding (letter-sound correspondence).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Look-and-say (whole word vocabulary identification).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Integrated language arts (reading, writing, and correct spelling).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. A whole language approach (with a focus on reading for meaning).
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        3 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                3. What would be a good starting point for teaching letter sounds? 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teach letter names and the sounds they make in words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Teach short vowels before long vowels.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. First teach letter sounds that occur frequently in simple words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Lower- and uppercase letter teaching depends on the counontry’s preferences.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        4 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                4.  Phonological awareness means:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The ability to count the number of words correctly.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Naming letters in alphabetical order.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The ability to spell and read words correctly.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Identifying the sounds, syllables, and words of the language.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        5 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                5. Which of these is an important learning skill?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Cognitive and metacognitive study skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Repetition- or rehearsal-based study skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Procedural or organisational study skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        6 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                6. Twenty-first century learning skills do NOT include:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Fine motor skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Critical thinking
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Creative thinking and problem solving.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Communicating (including digital literacy), collaborating, and citizenship.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        7 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                7. Which of these is NOT part of the executive functions of the brain?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Cognitive or mental flexibility.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Auditive perception.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Inhibitory control.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Working memory.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        8 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                8. You can get a child to pay attention:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. By incorporating movement and physical activity into your lessons.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. By teaching at the appropriate difficulty level.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. By being clear in your expectations.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        9 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                9. Which one is NOT true? Listening skills...

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. And academic success or knowledge are closely connected since listening is an important skill children use to process and acquire information.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Are fundamental for the development of social and relational skills in the school context. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Are  very important skills in learning new motor skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Play a key role in literacy success and the development of numerous other language skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        10 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                10. Which one of these is NOT a good strategy to reduce working memory load when a child has problems with working memory?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Speak fast so that the child remembers.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Try to use short, simple sentences.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Use pictures or comics, which may help children remember multistep instructions.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Try to combine new material with familiar material so that it is easy for children to remember.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        11 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                11. Which of the following is NOT a dimension of multilingual pedagogy?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Overt instruction.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Critical instruction.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Situated practise.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Transformed practise.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        12 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                12. Multiliteracy pedagogy acknowledges learners:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. As active originators of meanings in the learning process. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. As passive learners. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. As learners who learn new information by reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. As receivers of information. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        13 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                13. Bilingual education entails:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Education where languages are thought of as additional or optional subjects.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Education in which content is learned in and through at least two languages.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Education in which content is conceived of using a child’s mother language.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Education where content is conceived using English.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        14 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                14.  Which of the following is NOT true of text comprehension?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. It allows readers to gain an understanding of what’s being read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. It distorts the writers’ message.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. It allows readers to enjoy what they are reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. It allows readers to use the information gained from the text.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        15 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                15. Steps of teaching reading comprehension when the child masters the basic reading skills.

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. During-reading, vocabulary, pre-reading, post-reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Picture walk, during-reading, pre-reading, post-reading. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Picture walk, during-reading, pre-reading, post-reading. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Pre-reading, during-reading, post-reading. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        16 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                16. Which of the following is NOT a reading comprehension skill?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Decoding. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Attitude. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Reasoning. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Fluency. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        17 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                17. Which of the following teacher prompts would be most appropriate to use to promote pre-primary learners’ (5-6 year old children) phonemic awareness skills?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. “Clap your hands for every beat you hear in the word umbrella.”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. “Can you think of a word that rhymes with the word cat?”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. “Say the first sound you hear in the word ball.”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. “What sound does the letter D make?”
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        18 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                18. Instructional support means that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teachers offer tips to colleagues on best practices.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Teachers support children’s language skills and learning.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teachers get support for teaching.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teachers support children’s behaviour.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        19 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                19. Organisational support in teaching means:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Children behave badly.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Teachers handle school organisation.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Children organise their school work.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Good management in teaching.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        20 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                20. Teacher-directed teaching is beneficial: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. For having contact with the teacher.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. For learning social relations.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. For learning to play football.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. For learning basic reading and mathematics.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        21 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                21.    How can you help adult learners become fluent in reading?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. By giving them reading tests.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. By providing them with reading materials relevant to their interests.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. By putting them in competition with young readers.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. None of the options.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        22 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                22.  When can adult learners begin to learn to read phrases and sentences?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. After attending several reading classes.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. None of the options.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. After obtaining the skills to read words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. After registering in a literacy program.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        23 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                23. Why do not adult learners spend all day learning, as children do?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Because they are forced to learn.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Because they have other obligations.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. None of the options.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Because they are slow learners.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        24 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                24. Phonics-based instruction:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Is recommended, especially for non-transparent languages like English.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Is very useful for children with reading difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Does not have a syllable level.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Includes five steps that are repeated.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        25 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                25. Developing good handwriting:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Requires many years of practice.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Is a fast process.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Is automatic and requires no special practice.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Requires little effort.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        26 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                26. When comparing handwriting and typing:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Typing seems to be more efficient when learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Handwriting activates engrams in the brain, which supports learning letters.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Sensory experiences in typing are more complex than in handwriting.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Typing supports the remembering of letters better than handwriting.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        27 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                27. The centre of motor images in the brain related to writing is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Exel’s area.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Exner’s area.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Exeter’s area.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Eric’s area.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        28 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                28. When spelling in transparent languages (e.g., bantu languages):

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. You need to know how to separate syllables from words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. You need to know how to separate phonemes from syllables.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. You need to know the letter-phoneme connections.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        29 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                29. Which of the following is not beneficial for listening to stories?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Listening and concentration enhancement.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Increased vocabulary range.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Acquisition of literacy skills, such as speaking.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Playing any mobile games. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        30 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                30. Blended learning is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The integration of face-to-face instruction and online learning.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The integration of the theme, for example, plants, is integrated in each relevant school subject.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The integration of teacher led learning and learner co-operative learning. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The integration of reading and writing.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        31 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                31. We can say that a child has dyslexia or a reading disability when we are sure that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The child has no visual impairment.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The child has been in school and recieved adequate instruction in reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The child speaks the language used in reading instruction.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        32 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                32.  Which of the following modalities is the most beneficial in learning to read:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Seeing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Hearing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Using multiple senses (multisensory approach).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Touching.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        33 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                33. Which of the following is INCORRECT based on research? Fundamental principles for interventions for word-level reading difficulties include:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teaching phonics explicitly in the context of a multicomponent, integrated instructional program
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Reliance on explicit instruction on letter–sound connections. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The instructional-level of the reading material is not important in word-level reading instruction.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Intensive monitoring of the development of reading skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        34 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                34.  Based on research, which of these statements is INCORRECT concerning effective instruction for children with reading difficulties: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teaching is guided with independent practice and constructive feedback.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher adapts instructions according to a child’s skill level. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher provides clear modelling, demonstrations, and explanations.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher lets children learn to read independently.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        35 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                35. Effective interventions for students with learning difficulties typically: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Do engage in reading instructional-level materials.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Do not increase instructional time, intensity, or differentiation.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Do not focus on academic skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Do not continually monitor progress and adjust instruction or change programmes.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        36 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                36. Which of the following is NOT included in Fletcher’s general principles of instruction for children with learning difficulties:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Focusing only on phonics in reading difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Instructional explicitness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Cumulative review.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Incorporation of self-regulation strategies.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        37 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                37. Based on research, we know that the most effective intervention for reading difficulties is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teaching children to repeat words the teacher reads aloud.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Systematic phonics-based instruction.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teaching children to remember whole words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Copying written words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        38 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                38. A precise estimate of the prevalence of dyslexia in any population is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. 4–6%
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. 30–50%
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. 0.5%
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. 1%
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        39 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                39. In learning to read, it is most important that a child:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Learns to draw letter forms. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Learns letter-sound correspondences. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Learns the letter names.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Remembers words as a whole.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        40 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                40. Based on neuroimaging studies:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The reading system in the brain is different in beginner readers and fluent readers.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The whole brain is activated when we read. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. There is only one reading centre in the brain.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. We don’t know which parts of the brain are activated during reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

            
            
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