Teacher Certification

Background
This Teacher Certification module was developed to give You feedback, how well You master the research-based content of Literacy learning, Literacy teaching and Reading difficulties. If you successfully complete the module, you will receive a Certificate of Completion that enhances Your professional development.
How to start?
Before you start to study eTALE Africa learning content, we highly recommend You do first a “pretest” by answering 40 random multiple-choice questions. Note that there is only one correct answer for each question (a, b, c or d). You will have one hour to complete the pretest. After answering to all 40 questions, you will receive immediate feedback how well You did.
How to do the test?
If You already are an expert in the content and receive at least 70% (28 out of 40 questions correct) in the pretest, you will automatically receive the Certificate to your email. You can save and print it as a demonstration of your knowledge in literacy learning and teaching and reading difficulties.
What if I do not get 70% in pretest?
If You don’t get 70% in the pretest, do not worry. The “pretest” is the starting point of eTALE Africa eLearning environment! When You have gone through and studied the content, you can do the “post-test” or “final examination”. You can do the test as many times as you like. But note the questions will not be the same or in same order.
When You have answered correctly least to 28 questions (that is 70% and above), the Certificate is send to Your email.
Parts of the eTALE Africa content may seem challenging and the test might not be an easy task! But remember, You can always read a little bit more and do the test again.
Ready? Let´s go!
If you want to do the pretest now, please continue below.

            
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                    Certification test
                    
                    Teacher certification test
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                        
                    
                    
                    
                
            

                    
                    User data for teacher certification test

                        NameEmailCountryOther country (fill in here)How many times have you tried this test?
                        
                            
                            
                        
                    
                  

                        
                        
                        1 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                1. What would be a good starting point for teaching letter sounds? 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. First teach letter sounds that occur frequently in simple words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Teach short vowels before long vowels.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teach letter names and the sounds they make in words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Lower- and uppercase letter teaching depends on the counontry’s preferences.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        2 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                2. Twenty-first century learning skills do NOT include:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Critical thinking
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Creative thinking and problem solving.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Fine motor skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Communicating (including digital literacy), collaborating, and citizenship.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        3 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                3. A common manifestation of weak cognitive or mental flexibility in children is NOT:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Being upset by a change of plans.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Talking or playing too loudly.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Resistance to changes.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Getting stuck on one topic or activity.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        4 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                4. Development of voluntary attention:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Is based on the way an adult verbally guides a child.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Is based on the novelty and power of stimuli.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Is not important in learning at school.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Is not important in daily life. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        5 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                5. A child shows intrinsic motivation when:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Interested in earning a reward from an external source.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The child thinks “I like to read because I want to know more about animals.”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The child thinks “I will practice reading because I will get a good grade.”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The child does what the teacher says she or he should do.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        6 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                6. In teaching motor and visuo-motor skills, it is  important to:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Use visual demonstrations with instructions whenever possible.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Keep practice sessions short but frequent.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Give praise, encouragement, and feedback.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        7 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                7. Fine motor skills are NOT that important in:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Drawing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Speaking.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Writing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Hopping/jumping.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        8 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                8. Based on research, which of the following is NOT an important sub-skill of listening skills?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Fine motor skills.  
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Knowledge such as background knowledge or world knowledge.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Comprehension monitoring.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Memory (working memory and long-term memory).
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        9 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                9. Which one is NOT true? Listening skills...

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Are  very important skills in learning new motor skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. And academic success or knowledge are closely connected since listening is an important skill children use to process and acquire information.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Play a key role in literacy success and the development of numerous other language skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Are fundamental for the development of social and relational skills in the school context. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        10 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                10. To become a good reader, it is important that a child:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Repeats the words the teacher reads.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Learn to recognize words as a whole.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Knows letters and corresponding letter-sounds and be able to blend them into syllables and words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Learns letter names.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        11 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                11. Which of the following is an example of a communication mode?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Linguistic.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Gestural.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Visual.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Print.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        12 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                12. Which of the following is NOT a dimension of multilingual pedagogy?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Overt instruction.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Critical instruction.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Situated practise.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Transformed practise.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        13 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                13. Multiliteracy pedagogy stresses the need for language and literacy education to take into account:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Drama and play pedagogy.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Listening.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Writing and reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        14 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                14. Bilingual education entails:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Education where content is conceived using English.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Education where languages are thought of as additional or optional subjects.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Education in which content is conceived of using a child’s mother language.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Education in which content is learned in and through at least two languages.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        15 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                15. Multilingualism:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Refers to state of knowing or using a mother language in written or spoken form by an individual or a community.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Refers to state of knowing or using more than one language in written or spoken form by an individual or a community.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Is synonymous with bilingualism.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Is synonymous with monolingualism.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        16 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                16.  Which of the following is NOT true of text comprehension?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. It allows readers to gain an understanding of what’s being read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. It allows readers to enjoy what they are reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. It allows readers to use the information gained from the text.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. It distorts the writers’ message.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        17 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                17. Which of the following activities would be most appropriate for introducing pre-primary learners (5-6 year old children) to the alphabetic principle?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Posting learners’ names on a wall and having learners whose names contain a certain letter come to the front of the room.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Writing a learner’s name on the board and having learners sound out the name by blending the letters.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Saying a learner’s name and having learners clap the number of syllables they hear in the name.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Reciting a list of learners’ names and having learners raise their hands when they hear a name that begins with a specific sound.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        18 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                18. Which of the following teacher prompts would be most appropriate to use to promote pre-primary learners’ (5-6 year old children) phonemic awareness skills?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. “Say the first sound you hear in the word ball.”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. “What sound does the letter D make?”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. “Clap your hands for every beat you hear in the word umbrella.”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. “Can you think of a word that rhymes with the word cat?”
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        19 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                19. Which of the following best describes the role of phonics in a research-based primary-school reading program in local languages?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Phonics is a reading technique that should be taught implicitly to learners who demonstrate specific needs in the area of decoding skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Phonics is a key component of comprehensive reading instruction that supports learners’ development of fluency and comprehension.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Phonics should be the central focus of reading instruction until learners have achieved automatic recognition of high-frequency sight-words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Phonics is an instructional strategy that should be used primarily as an intervention for learners who are experiencing reading difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        20 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                20. Instructional support means that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teachers offer tips to colleagues on best practices.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Teachers get support for teaching.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teachers support children’s language skills and learning.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teachers support children’s behaviour.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        21 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                21. Organisational support in teaching means:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Children behave badly.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Good management in teaching.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Children organise their school work.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teachers handle school organisation.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        22 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                22. Emotional support in teaching means that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher ignores crying children.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher is sensitive to students’ needs.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher tells children how to feel.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher teaches emotional skills to the children.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        23 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                23.    How can you help adult learners become fluent in reading?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. By providing them with reading materials relevant to their interests.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. By putting them in competition with young readers.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. None of the options.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. By giving them reading tests.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        24 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                24. Why does teaching adult learners require special skills?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Because they are slow learners.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Because they are special.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Because they are intelligent.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Because their age makes them behave in a different manner.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        25 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                25. When assessing reading in transparent languages: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Reading fluency is not a relevant measure when assessing reading. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Reading fluency is not connected to reading disabilities.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Reading fluency is very useful when defining reading disabilities.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Reading fluency is almost the same as reading accuracy.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        26 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                26. In phonics-based instruction, one of the repeated processes is NOT:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Combining words into sentences.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Combining syllables into words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Blending phonemes into syllables.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Transforming letters into phonemes.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        27 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                27. How should a teacher NOT help children with spelling difficulties?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Focus on self-correcting strategies.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Train students to check spelling after writing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Have students write words and mark the spelling errors with a red pen.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Train students to have phonological awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        28 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                28.  Which of the following is NOT a psychological benefit of listening to stories?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Gaining knowledge about new things and new words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Developing imagination.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Developing emotional wellbeing.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Developing visual perceptual skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        29 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                29.  Which of the following is NOT a good way to teach phonics?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Learners bring objects, say the beginning sound of each object, and identify the letter.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Tell a story that focuses on the phonic of the day, what it looks like, and how to write it.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teach the letter names and then the sounds they make in words. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Show a letter and tell the learners what it is; learners repeat it ten times in chorus.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        30 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                30. ICT is integrated into reading instruction when:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher shows pictures of items learned about in different units, e.g., environmental education.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher takes photos of learners.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher records and plays back children’s reading efforts.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher uses her/his cell phone in class.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        31 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                31. We can say that a child has dyslexia or a reading disability when we are sure that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The child speaks the language used in reading instruction.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The child has been in school and recieved adequate instruction in reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The child has no visual impairment.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        32 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                32. Which of the following is INCORRECT based on research? Fundamental principles for interventions for word-level reading difficulties include:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Intensive monitoring of the development of reading skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Reliance on explicit instruction on letter–sound connections. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teaching phonics explicitly in the context of a multicomponent, integrated instructional program
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The instructional-level of the reading material is not important in word-level reading instruction.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        33 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                33. Which of the following is the most effective method for improving literacy in children and adolescents with reading difficulties?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Using auditory training.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Systematic instruction of letter–sound correspondences and decoding. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Use of coloured lenses.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teaching whole and sight words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        34 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                34. Based on research, which of the following is NOT true:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Learning to read, for children with a reading disability, is based on the same cognitive processes as readers without a disability.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. It does not matter if a reading disability is not recognised/identified. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Learning to read, for children with a reading disability, is based on the same developmental steps as readers without a disability.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. A reading difficulty can be most successfully treated when identified early in development.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        35 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                35. The main idea of a multi-tiered system of support in instruction is that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Children with different kinds of learning difficulties are separated into different teaching groups.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Interventions are layered as a continuum, for example, into three levels of intensiveness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Many different approaches are used to support children who struggle in learning.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Children with learning disabilities are taught in special classes.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        36 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                36. A precise estimate of the prevalence of dyslexia in any population is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. 0.5%
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. 4–6%
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. 1%
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. 30–50%
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        37 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                37. In learning to read, it is most important that a child:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Learns letter-sound correspondences. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Remembers words as a whole.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Learns to draw letter forms. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Learns the letter names.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        38 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                38. Based on neuroimaging studies:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. We don’t know which parts of the brain are activated during reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The reading system in the brain is different in beginner readers and fluent readers.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The whole brain is activated when we read. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. There is only one reading centre in the brain.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        39 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                39. In shallow and transparent orthographies:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The orthography is not important in teaching reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher does not need to teach children to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Children learn to read best by remembering whole words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Children learn to read best using letter-sound correspondences. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        40 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                40. The most prominent characteristic of reading disability (dyslexia) is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Poor text comprehension. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Problems in visual perception.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Attention problems.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Struggles with word reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

            
            
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