Teacher Certification

Background
This Teacher Certification module was developed to give You feedback, how well You master the research-based content of Literacy learning, Literacy teaching and Reading difficulties. If you successfully complete the module, you will receive a Certificate of Completion that enhances Your professional development.
How to start?
Before you start to study eTALE Africa learning content, we highly recommend You do first a “pretest” by answering 40 random multiple-choice questions. Note that there is only one correct answer for each question (a, b, c or d). You will have one hour to complete the pretest. After answering to all 40 questions, you will receive immediate feedback how well You did.
How to do the test?
If You already are an expert in the content and receive at least 70% (28 out of 40 questions correct) in the pretest, you will automatically receive the Certificate to your email. You can save and print it as a demonstration of your knowledge in literacy learning and teaching and reading difficulties.
What if I do not get 70% in pretest?
If You don’t get 70% in the pretest, do not worry. The “pretest” is the starting point of eTALE Africa eLearning environment! When You have gone through and studied the content, you can do the “post-test” or “final examination”. You can do the test as many times as you like. But note the questions will not be the same or in same order.
When You have answered correctly least to 28 questions (that is 70% and above), the Certificate is send to Your email.
Parts of the eTALE Africa content may seem challenging and the test might not be an easy task! But remember, You can always read a little bit more and do the test again.
Ready? Let´s go!
If you want to do the pretest now, please continue below.

            
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                    Certification test
                    
                    Teacher certification test
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                        
                    
                    
                    
                
            

                    
                    User data for teacher certification test

                        NameEmailCountryOther country (fill in here)How many times have you tried this test?
                        
                            
                            
                        
                    
                  

                        
                        
                        1 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                1.  A transparent language has the following characteristics:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The language does not have a complex grammar structure.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The words are clearly pronounced.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The language is easy to master as a second language.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The phonemes/letter names and sounds of the language are consistent and do not change with the addition of other letters.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        2 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                2. Which of these is an important learning skill?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Repetition- or rehearsal-based study skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Cognitive and metacognitive study skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Procedural or organisational study skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        3 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                3. Which of these is NOT part of the executive functions of the brain?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Auditive perception.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Inhibitory control.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Cognitive or mental flexibility.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Working memory.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        4 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                4. A common manifestation of weak cognitive or mental flexibility in children is NOT:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Getting stuck on one topic or activity.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Being upset by a change of plans.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Resistance to changes.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Talking or playing too loudly.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        5 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                5. You can get a child to pay attention:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. By incorporating movement and physical activity into your lessons.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. By teaching at the appropriate difficulty level.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. By being clear in your expectations.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        6 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                6. Development of voluntary attention:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Is based on the way an adult verbally guides a child.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Is based on the novelty and power of stimuli.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Is not important in learning at school.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Is not important in daily life. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        7 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                7. To increase reading motivation, it is important that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Learners are allowed to choose the complementary books they want to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Learners understand the basics of reading to get positive feedback in learning situations at home and at school.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teachers listen to the children’s needs and pay attention to their motivations so that their lessons can be successfully implemented.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        8 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                8. Based on research, which of the following is NOT an important sub-skill of listening skills?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Comprehension monitoring.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Knowledge such as background knowledge or world knowledge.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Memory (working memory and long-term memory).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Fine motor skills.  
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        9 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                9. Which one is NOT true? Listening skills...

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. And academic success or knowledge are closely connected since listening is an important skill children use to process and acquire information.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Are fundamental for the development of social and relational skills in the school context. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Play a key role in literacy success and the development of numerous other language skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Are  very important skills in learning new motor skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        10 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy learning
                    
                            
                                10. To become a good reader, it is important that a child:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Knows letters and corresponding letter-sounds and be able to blend them into syllables and words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Learns letter names.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Learn to recognize words as a whole.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Repeats the words the teacher reads.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        11 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                11. Which of the following is an example of a communication mode?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Linguistic.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Gestural.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Print.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Visual.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        12 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                12. Multiliteracy pedagogy stresses the need for language and literacy education to take into account:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Drama and play pedagogy.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Listening.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Writing and reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. All alternatives are correct.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        13 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                13. Many countries around the world are promoting multilingualism, even in places where multilingualism is absent from official educational policy, because multilingualism has been shown to have several advantages. These advantages do NOT include:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Increased linguistic recognition.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Increased intelligence.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Increased career opportunities.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Enhanced communication skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        14 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                14. Which of the following is NOT a level at which phonological awareness is taught?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Word level.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Syllable level.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Bi-syllable level.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Phoneme level.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        15 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                15. Which of these is NOT a metalinguistic skill?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Phonological awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Morphological awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Orthographic knowledge.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Reading fluency.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        16 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                16. Steps of teaching reading comprehension when the child masters the basic reading skills.

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. During-reading, vocabulary, pre-reading, post-reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Picture walk, during-reading, pre-reading, post-reading. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Pre-reading, during-reading, post-reading. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Picture walk, during-reading, pre-reading, post-reading. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        17 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                17. Which of the following is NOT a reading comprehension skill?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Reasoning. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Decoding. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Attitude. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Fluency. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        18 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                18. Which of the following teacher prompts would be most appropriate to use to promote pre-primary learners’ (5-6 year old children) phonemic awareness skills?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. “Say the first sound you hear in the word ball.”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. “What sound does the letter D make?”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. “Clap your hands for every beat you hear in the word umbrella.”
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. “Can you think of a word that rhymes with the word cat?”
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        19 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                19. Which of the following best describes the role of phonics in a research-based primary-school reading program in local languages?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Phonics is an instructional strategy that should be used primarily as an intervention for learners who are experiencing reading difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Phonics should be the central focus of reading instruction until learners have achieved automatic recognition of high-frequency sight-words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Phonics is a key component of comprehensive reading instruction that supports learners’ development of fluency and comprehension.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Phonics is a reading technique that should be taught implicitly to learners who demonstrate specific needs in the area of decoding skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        20 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                20. Which of the following best describes the primary purpose and function of a classroom reading assessment?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. To provide instructional plans for reading by determining individual learners' ongoing reading needs.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. To monitor learners' academic achievement in reading by measuring their mastery of the reading standards set by SACMEQ.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. To evaluate the effectiveness of reading instruction by comparing the reading levels of specific groups of learners.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. To prepare learners for state standardised testing on reading by equipping them with a variety of test-taking strategies.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        21 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                21. Emotional support in teaching means that:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher tells children how to feel.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher is sensitive to students’ needs.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher teaches emotional skills to the children.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher ignores crying children.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        22 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                22. Which of the following statements about the importance of teaching productive writing is FALSE?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Writing builds distance between the writer and reader.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Learners learn how to use the components of language and improve their language skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. b.	Learners can improve their writing ability by expressing their thoughts to other people.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Learners learn to correct their writing mistakes and perfect their writing skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        23 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                23.    How can you help adult learners become fluent in reading?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. By giving them reading tests.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. By providing them with reading materials relevant to their interests.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. By putting them in competition with young readers.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. None of the options.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        24 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                24. When assessing reading in transparent languages: 

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Reading fluency is very useful when defining reading disabilities.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Reading fluency is not connected to reading disabilities.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Reading fluency is not a relevant measure when assessing reading. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Reading fluency is almost the same as reading accuracy.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        25 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                25. When supporting text composition:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Making word lists is not an efficient way to proceed.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. It is recommended to start writing without any goal setting.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Different writing strategies are useful.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Spelling exercises are not needed.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        26 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                26. The centre of motor images in the brain related to writing is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Exeter’s area.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Exel’s area.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Eric’s area.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Exner’s area.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        27 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                27. After the first school year, the best predictor of spelling skill in transparent languages is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Visuo-motor skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Reading skill development.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Phonological awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Letter-sound knowledge.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        28 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                28.  Which of the following is NOT a good way to teach phonics?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Show a letter and tell the learners what it is; learners repeat it ten times in chorus.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Learners bring objects, say the beginning sound of each object, and identify the letter.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teach the letter names and then the sounds they make in words. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Tell a story that focuses on the phonic of the day, what it looks like, and how to write it.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        29 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                29. ICT is integrated into reading instruction when:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. The teacher shows pictures of items learned about in different units, e.g., environmental education.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The teacher uses her/his cell phone in class.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. The teacher records and plays back children’s reading efforts.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. The teacher takes photos of learners.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        30 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Literacy teaching
                    
                            
                                30. Apps for reading development

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Do not encourage children to read. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Provide stories in English only.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Require that the child be a skilled reader.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Provide reading materials for different reading skill levels.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        31 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                31. Part-time special education in grades one and two:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Does not help children with reading difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Predicts faster skill development in children with reading and spelling difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Is not a reasonable way to use limited teaching resources.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Is not needed because some children may just have a delay in their learning to read.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        32 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                32. For very young children, the reading environment in the home is strongly linked to their emergent literacy skills before entering school. Which of these is NOT an important aspect of the home literacy environment:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Number of books in the home.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Parents’ reading habits.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Presence of a radio in the home.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Parents’ attitude toward reading.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        33 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                33. Which of the following is INCORRECT based on research? Fundamental principles for interventions for word-level reading difficulties include:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Intensive monitoring of the development of reading skills. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. The instructional-level of the reading material is not important in word-level reading instruction.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Teaching phonics explicitly in the context of a multicomponent, integrated instructional program
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Reliance on explicit instruction on letter–sound connections. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        34 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                34. Based on research, which of these statements is INCORRECT. Intensity of reading instruction and intervention can be increased by:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Increasing the extent of the intervention (number of hours).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Allowing the child to practice independently most of the time.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Decreasing group size (whole-class, small group, one-to-one).
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Providing explicit instruction. 
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        35 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                35. Screening instruments used in prevention programs for reading difficulties do NOT usually assess which of the following skills?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Phonological awareness.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Letter knowledge.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Fine motor skills.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Rapid automatized naming.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        36 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                36. Which of the following is the most effective method for improving literacy in children and adolescents with reading difficulties?

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Use of coloured lenses.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Using auditory training.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Systematic instruction of letter–sound correspondences and decoding. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Teaching whole and sight words.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        37 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                37. Based on research, which of the following is NOT true:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. It does not matter if a reading disability is not recognised/identified. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Learning to read, for children with a reading disability, is based on the same developmental steps as readers without a disability.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. A reading difficulty can be most successfully treated when identified early in development.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Learning to read, for children with a reading disability, is based on the same cognitive processes as readers without a disability.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        38 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                38. Which of the following is NOT included in Fletcher’s general principles of instruction for children with learning difficulties:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Incorporation of self-regulation strategies.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Focusing only on phonics in reading difficulties.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Cumulative review.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Instructional explicitness.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        39 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                39. Based on research, we know that the most effective intervention for reading difficulties is:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Teaching children to repeat words the teacher reads aloud.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Teaching children to remember whole words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Copying written words.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Systematic phonics-based instruction.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                    
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

                        
                        
                        40 / 40
                        
                            
                        Category:
                        Reading difficulties
                    
                            
                                40. In learning to read, it is most important that a child:

                            
                            
                            
            
                

                
                    
                        a. Learns to draw letter forms. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        b. Remembers words as a whole.
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        c. Learns letter-sound correspondences. 
                    
                    

                    
            
            
                

                
                    
                        d. Learns the letter names.
                    
                    

                    
            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    

            
            
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